Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole and Fluconazole by Ion-Pair Complex Formation With Bromothymol Blue and Picric Acid

Abstract

The reactions of picric acid and bromothymol blue with three important antifungal drugs containing an imidazole ring ketoconazole (KC) and clotrimazole (CT) and fluconazole (FC) have been studied for the development of simple, rapid, sensitive an extractive-spectrophotometric method for determining the concentration of these drugs. This method is based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complexes between the basic nitrogen of the drug and sulphonphthalein acid dyes, namely; bromothymol blue (BTB) in phosphate buffer of pH =3 and picric acid (PA) in citrate buffer of pH=2.5. The formed complexes were extracted with chloroform and measured at 410 and 415nm for KC, at 410 and 413nm for CT and at 373 and 415nm for FC using PA and BTB, respectively. The analytical parameters and their effects on the reported systems are investigated. Beer's law was obeyed in the range 1-60 , 1-58 and 3-60 µg/ mL with PA and 3-55, 2-50 and 5-55 µg/ mL with BTB for CT, KC and FC, respectively. The composition of the ion pairs was found 1:1 by mole ratio and job¢ s method in all cases. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the studied drugs in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations.The results are in good agreement with those obtained by official methods.

Influence of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Gum Arabic and Tragacanth

“…The samples were then thoroughly mixed and poured into a quartz cuvette with an optical path of 1 cm, which was placed in a spectrophotometer. UV absorbance spectra were recorded in the wavelength range from 200 to 380 nm [ 47 , 48 , 49 ]. UV-Vis spectrophotometer Thermo Genesys 10S produced by Thermo Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA) was used.…”

A new selective colorimetric method coupled with a high-resolution UV method for the consecutive quantification of three drugs in semi-solid preparations

“…It is the favorite choice when it is difficult to diagnose skin diseases of mixed infections [ 1 ]. Clotrimazole (CLO) IUPAC Name is 1-[(2-chlorophenyl) diphenylmethy]-1H-imidazole [ 2 ], Figure 1 , an antifungal from the imidazole class that affects by damaging the permeability of the cell membrane [ 3 ] it was quantified via spectrophotometry [ 4 , 5 , 6 ], HPLC [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], and TLC [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].

Figure 1 The analyzed drug's chemical structure.

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Ion-pairing liquid chromatographic method determination of ketoconazole and stress degradation in pharmaceutical formulations with fluorescence detection

“…Various analytical methods were reported for the determination of ketoconazole. They are spectrophotometric methods (Kedor-Hackmann, Nery, Santoro, 1994; Abdel-Gawad, 1997; Sadeghi, Shamsipur, 1998;Farhadi, Maleki, 2002;Khalil, Ramin, 2002;Abou-Attia et al, 2003;Alizadeh, Rezakhani, 2012;Rane, Padmaja, 2012;Naveed, Jaweed, 2014), spectrofluorimetric methods , high performance liquid chromatography (Bernal et al, 2000;Bruijn et al, 2001;Bernal et al, 2002;Bajad et al, 2002;Vander Heyden et al, 2002;Nguyen et al, 2003;Abdel-Moety et al, 2003;Nguyen et al, 2004;Vertzoni, Reppas, Archontaki, 2006;Wang et al, 2016), stripping voltammetric and polarographic method (Arranz et al, 2003;El Ries et al, 2013) and capillary zone electrophoresis (Arranz et al, 2000;Velikinac et al, 2004), high performance thin layer chromatography (Suwanna, Boonsom, Saisunee, 2010). Ion-pairing liquid chromatographic (IPLC) method has also been utilized for the analysis of various sulphonamides (Rader, 1973;Su, Hartkopf, Karger, 1976).…”