Abstract:A neutral macrocyclic ligand, p-methyloxacalix [3]arene methyl ether (MOC3A-Me), was synthesized and its extraction properties for alkali metal picrates was investigated in a dichloromethane/water system at 25ºC. The alkali metal ions were extracted by MOC3A-Me with a selectivity sequence Li + < Na + < K + ≤
“…The efficiency of metal separation with liquid-liquid extraction depends on the extractant. To date, numerous extractants, which have superior extraction performance and separation ability, have been developed [10][11][12][13][14]. Most novel extractants, however, are expensive for large-scale applications because of laborious and elaborate synthetic processes, and are unsuitable for industrial extraction processes.…”
The extraction characteristics of N-dodecyldiglycolamic acid (C 12 DGAA), with a secondary amide group, for 56 metal ions have been investigated, and compared with those of N,N-dioctyldiglycolamic acid (DODGAA) with a tertiary amide group. C 12 DGAA is capable of quantitative transfer for a variety of metal ions through a proton-exchange reaction, and the extraction behavior as a function of the aqueous-phase pH is similar for C 12 DGAA and DODGAA. Compared with DODGAA, C 12 DGAA has a poor extraction performance and separation ability for rare-earth metal ions, except for Sc(III). However, C 12 DGAA tended to provide better extraction for relatively small-sized metal ions than DODGAA. In addition, it was found that C 12 DGAA enables the selective removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions containing various divalent metal ions (Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II)).
“…The efficiency of metal separation with liquid-liquid extraction depends on the extractant. To date, numerous extractants, which have superior extraction performance and separation ability, have been developed [10][11][12][13][14]. Most novel extractants, however, are expensive for large-scale applications because of laborious and elaborate synthetic processes, and are unsuitable for industrial extraction processes.…”
The extraction characteristics of N-dodecyldiglycolamic acid (C 12 DGAA), with a secondary amide group, for 56 metal ions have been investigated, and compared with those of N,N-dioctyldiglycolamic acid (DODGAA) with a tertiary amide group. C 12 DGAA is capable of quantitative transfer for a variety of metal ions through a proton-exchange reaction, and the extraction behavior as a function of the aqueous-phase pH is similar for C 12 DGAA and DODGAA. Compared with DODGAA, C 12 DGAA has a poor extraction performance and separation ability for rare-earth metal ions, except for Sc(III). However, C 12 DGAA tended to provide better extraction for relatively small-sized metal ions than DODGAA. In addition, it was found that C 12 DGAA enables the selective removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions containing various divalent metal ions (Hg(II), Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II)).
Society requires metals for a wide range of applications, with almost every metal having an industrial application. Solvent extraction processes, originally designed for the recovery of uranium from spent nuclear waste, can provide a sustainable means of separating and purifying metals from primary and secondary sources. It is important to understand the mode of action of current systems to aid the rational design of new, more efficient solvent extraction processes as demand for metal separation technology grows. Herein, we review the application of a variety of computational techniques in understanding and developing solvent extraction processes. The use of classical and quantum mechanical models to study both the aqueous and organic phases, as well as the phase boundary, is considered.
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