Extraction of various additives from polystyrene and their subsequent analysis

Abstract

SummaryThe extraction of fifteen polymer additives which are used as antioxidants, uv stabilizers, process lubes, flame retardants, and antistats from eight formulations of polystyrene is demonstrated with supercritical carbon dioxide and compared to traditional dissolution/precipitation extractions. The purpose of the study was two fold: 1) the development of a high performance liquid chromatography method(s) for the additives and 2) the determination of the viability of su percritical fluids for extraction of the additives from polystyrene. Nine of the additives were assayed via reversed phase liquid chromatography while, the remaining six additives could not be assayed in this manner. In order to develop an extraction method for the additives, the effects of static extraction time, CO2 density, and temperature were first investigated. These preliminary extractions revealed that a static period which afforded an opportunity for the polymer to swell combined with a high CO2 density and temperature above the polymer glass transition yielded quantitative recoveries of the additives. Triplicate extractions of the various polystyrene formulations matched additive recoveries obtained by the traditional dissolution/precipitation method but the former method was faster and used less organic solvent.

Analysis of polyolefin stabilizers and their degradation products

“…More recent articles describe optimization of extraction parameters for specific types of samples, compare the efficiency of different sample preparation procedures, and evaluate approaches to couple extraction procedures online to the subsequent chromatographic determination. Some references for dissolution/precipitation 4, 5, dissolution/extraction 6, microwave‐assisted extraction 7, 8, accelerated solvent extraction 9, 10, and supercritical fluid extraction 5, 9, 11–13 can be found in Table 2(a).…”

Tertiary recycling of waste polystyrene using magnesium impregnated catalysts into valuable products

“…Along with aromatic products some open chain ketones were also formed using impregnated catalysts. The presence of these ketones and other oxygenated products might be due to the reaction of atmospheric oxygen [9] or additives in polystyrene, which include antioxidants, UV stabilizers, fillers, pigments, rubbers, processing lubricants, and flame retardants or it might be due to any other residue mixed from municipal wastes [38]. It has been reported that a major portion of the gases from thermo-catalytic degradation of WEPS are C 1 -C 4 [30] along with CO 2 as reported earlier.…”

Determination of Chimassorb 944 in Polypropylene Geotextiles by HPLC-UV

“…Supercritical fluid chromatography has also been applied to the determination of polymer additives (Raynor et al 1988;Carrott 1998). The most widely used technique for determination of non-volatile additives is high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection (Lichtenthaler and Ranfelt 1978;Haney and Dark 1980;Schabron and Fenska 1980;Hodgeman 1981;Perlstein 1983;Munteanu et al 1987;Freitag 1988;Caceres et al 1996;Smith and Taylor 2002).…”