Extraction of Silk Fibroin with Several Sericin Removal Processes and its Importance in Tissue Engineering: A Review

Abstract

Sericin is a sticky protein substance, which is generated by the silk-worm for holding the filaments of silk tightly. The main constituent of natural crude silk is made up of sericin and fibroin. Fibroin and sericin play a vital role in increasing the strength, stiffness and on maintaining the constructional integrality of the cocoon. This review reports the role of several types of degumming agents for the removal of sericin from silk surfaces and an overview of silk fibroin approaches in the tissue engineering field. The prime factors responsible for the removal of sericin (degumming) from silk were systematically analyzed and discussed. The key factors affects on modification of the silk surface are includes surfactant, degumming time, temperature, advanced techniques such as ultra-sonication, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, low-temperature oxygen plasma radiation, and PH. These factors influence either individually or cumulatively at the degumming process. Tissue engineering is an emanate and most optimistic approach to restore tissue malfunction by adopting the concept of the technology being practiced using numerous biomaterials, cells, and the nutrient-specific growth factors. Different types of materials include various bio-material and mainly of silk fibroin constituent of it is conceding most optimistic biomaterials in tissue engineering application. Silk fibroin is a naturalistic protein-based polymer with an eminent physiochemical characteristic, are magnificent biocompatibility, amenable biodegradability, proper oxygen, and water-vapor permeability, and least inflammatory reaction. The critical studies accomplishing on the role of Silk fibroin and various approaches adopted in the degumming process is extensively reviewed and reported.

Recent Research Progress of Ionic Liquid Dissolving Silks for Biomedicine and Tissue Engineering Applications

“…Silk fiber is mainly composed of two core silk protein fibers along with an outer adhesive sericin coat (a set of serine-rich glycoproteins) [ 28 ]. Sericin constitutes 20–25% of the weight of the fiber and can be removed by heat or alkaline treatments [ 28 , 41 ].…”

“…Silk fiber is mainly composed of two core silk protein fibers along with an outer adhesive sericin coat (a set of serine-rich glycoproteins) [ 28 ]. Sericin constitutes 20–25% of the weight of the fiber and can be removed by heat or alkaline treatments [ 28 , 41 ]. An SF molecular chain is composed of three components: a heavy chain (H-chain, 350 KDa), a light chain (L-chain, 26 kDa) and a small glycoprotein (P25 protein, 30 KDa) [ 42 ].…”

“…After degumming, SF can be prepared into different forms of materials, such as film [ 19 ], gel [ 20 ], microcapsule [ 21 ], 3D printed scaffold [ 22 ], fiber [ 23 , 24 ] and micro/nano particle [ 25 ] among others. These materials can be applied for drug delivery [ 21 , 26 ], wound healing [ 20 , 27 ], tissue engineering [ 28 , 29 ] and environment-related applications as well as in the energy sector [ 30 ]. However, the intrinsic properties of silk proteins depend on their source and processing methods applied [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Influence of Surfactant for Stabilization and Pipeline Transportation of Iron Ore Water Slurry: A Review

“…Due to the lack of an electrical charge, these surfactants are resistant to water hardness deactivation. Nonionic surfactants offer a wide range of applications in textiles, and they are widely utilized. , The polyoxymethylene alkylphenols and polyoxyethylenates are the most prevalent kinds of nonionic surfactants. Detergents, solubilizers, and emulsifiers can all benefit from nonionic surfactants …”

High Concentration Crystalline Silk Fibroin Solution for Silk-Based Materials

“…It has been widely used in tissue repair [ 4 ], drug release [ 5 ] and other biomedicine applications in the form of hydrogels [ 6 , 7 ], electrospun [ 8 , 9 ], porous scaffolds [ 10 , 11 ], etc. Each application has different requirements for material properties, which requires the flexible regulation of the properties of silk fibroin-based biomaterials [ 12 , 13 ]. Studies indicated that many useful properties of polymeric materials emerge from the collective interactions among ordered and disordered domains [ 14 ].…”