Extraction of rare earths from bastnaesite concentrates: A critical review and perspective for the future

Cen, Peng; Bian, Xue; Liu, Zhannian; Mányi, G; Wu, Wenyuan; Li, Baokuan

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107081

Cited by 44 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…The composition of bastnäsite includes multiple REEs in varying proportions, predominantly cerium and lanthanum, with small but important amounts of neodymium, praseodymium, gadolinium, and europium . Bastnäsite often occurs in carbonatite deposits with calcite (CaCO 3 ), along with fluorite, barite, quartz, and other minerals from which it must be separated. , Separation is mostly achieved using froth flotation, which exploits differences in surface chemistry to isolate the desired mineral phases. The mined ore is finely ground and added to a slurry for processing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Bastnasite often occurs in carbonatite deposits with calcite (CaCO 3 ), along with fluorite, barite, quartz, and other minerals from which it must be separated. 8,9 Separation is mostly achieved using froth flotation, which exploits differences in surface chemistry to isolate the desired mineral phases. The mined ore is finely ground and added to a slurry for processing.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structure of the Bastnäsite (001) Surface by Crystal Truncation Rod X-ray Diffraction and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Implications for Separations of a Rare Earth Ore Mineral

Wanhala,

Gibson,

Stubbs

et al. 2023

J. Phys. Chem. C

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Bastnasite ((Ce,La)FCO 3 ) is the primary mineral source of light rare earth elements, but its surface structure is not well understood. This presents a major challenge in improving beneficiation strategies. In this work, a synergistic combination of X-ray scattering and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) was used to gain atomistic insight into the interfacial structure of bastnasite. Surface X-ray scattering was used to measure crystal truncation rods (CTRs) of the bastnasite (001) surface, a significant crystal face with a previously unknown termination. The best-fit atomic-scale model of the CTR data features a carbonate layer at the surface, which is stabilized by the relaxation of carbonate groups from their bulk structural positions. AIMD simulations predict similar surface relaxations, which are shown to be influenced by the protonation of oxygen atoms at the surface. Evidence of ordered water at the interface is also observed in the bestfit model and AIMD simulations. The presence of a carbonate layer at this dominant crystal surface is significant for improving separation technologies because most commonly used ligands utilize anionic functional groups to chelate metal cations at particle surfaces. Without modification, anionic ligands are expected to have poor affinity for the carbonate-terminated (001) surface.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of the Bastnäsite (001) Surface by Crystal Truncation Rod X-ray Diffraction and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Implications for Separations of a Rare Earth Ore Mineral

Wanhala,

Gibson,

Stubbs

et al. 2023

J. Phys. Chem. C

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“…Rare earth elements (REEs) mainly existed in the form of minerals in nature, including adsorption on clay minerals in the form of hydrated or hydroxyl hydrate cations, occurrence in the mineral lattice as ionic compounds, and occurrence in minerals in isomorphism as impurity elements 1–4 . With the extensive development and utilization of REE resources, the reserves of REE ores and ion adsorption type REE ores were becoming less and less, which made it difficult to meet the large demands for production and daily life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective removal of dolomite from rare earth element‐bearing phosphorite by flotation and leaching and the adsorption mechanism of agents on mineral surfaces

Xie

2023

Surface & Interface Analysis

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The rare earth elements (REEs)‐bearing phosphorite was a potential REE resource, which contained all REEs except polonium, among them lanthanide, cerium, neodymium, and yttrium were especially enriched. REEs mainly occurred in fluorapatite (Fap) and had a high positive correlation with phosphorus content. By adopting a new green environmental fatty acid collector GJBW and through one roughing and one refining reverse flotation process, all REEs were pre‐enriched. The flotation concentrate was further leached with citric acid (CA), and all REEs were further enriched. The results of X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that dolomite (Dolo) was removed and Fap was enriched in phosphorite, the selective enrichment of phosphorus and REEs was realized. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed the mechanism of deep purification of REEs and phosphorus in phosphorite by CA at the micro‐scale. The results showed that the number and strength of bonding between CA and Dolo (104) surface were greater than that between CA and Fap (001) surface, and CA was more easily adsorbed on Dolo (104) surface. Under the same conditions, Dolo in phosphorite was more easily leached by CA, while Fap was further enriched. This process provided a theoretical basis for the comprehensive recovery of REEs and phosphorus from phosphorite.

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“…It is chemically stable, insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid, non-magnetic and toxic, and can absorb α-rays, β-rays and γ-rays and other characteristics (Ogwuegbu et al, 2011;Haruo and Yoshio, 2014;Nuria et al, 2015;Kasia et al, 2016;Lu et al, 2020). Due to the chemical stability of barite, solid barium compounds made from barite are widely used in the fields of new energy (Zhao et al, 2014;Zhou et al, 2020;Cen et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2021), new materials, chemical industry, petroleum, light industry, atomic energy, military, building materials, medicine, agriculture, plastics, paper making, capacitors, semiconductors, electronic ceramics and other fields and industries (Gurpinar et al, 2004;Cristina et al 2015;Xiong et al 2020;Sadik, 2017;Obaidi et al, 2020). In recent years, as the use of barite gradually increases and the recoverable reserves of high-grade barite ore decrease year by year, barite scarcity may occur in the middle and late 21 st century.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mchanistic study on the flotation of barite with C18H33NaO2 under microwave radiation based on UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis

Guo¹,

Wen²,

Wu³

2022

Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process.

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In this study, based on the pure mineral flotation test of barite, the effect law of microwave on barite flotation was investigated by using UV-visible spectrophotometer (L5), solution chemistry calculation and Zeta potential, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and other testing methods; at the same time, red flotation kinetic analysis was carried out to deeply explore the mechanism of C18H33NaO2 flotation of barite under microwave radiation. Mineral flotation tests show that barite, deionized water flotation after microwave treatment, recovery increased by 2.67%, 3.35%, respectively, while the pulp and the pulp of chemically added ore microwave action reduced by 2.90%, 8.51%, respectively. Microwave action barite can improve flotation recovery (up to 95.27%), the mechanism of action for microwave heating to improve the positive electrical properties of the surface of barite, and its specific surface area increased to improve the adsorption rate of sodium oleate on the surface of barite, thereby improving the flotation recovery. The flotation kinetics analysis revealed that the k-value of the primary kinetic model is the most informative among the four models of flotation kinetics, and its fitting results can truly reflect the flotation results of barite before and after the microwave action. By analyzing the flotation adsorption experiments of sodium oleate trapped barite by microwave action, we can provide an important reference for the efficient flotation adsorption behavior of barite. The adsorption behavior of barite can provide an important reference.

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Extraction of rare earths from bastnaesite concentrates: A critical review and perspective for the future

Cited by 44 publications

References 81 publications

Structure of the Bastnäsite (001) Surface by Crystal Truncation Rod X-ray Diffraction and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Implications for Separations of a Rare Earth Ore Mineral

Structure of the Bastnäsite (001) Surface by Crystal Truncation Rod X-ray Diffraction and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics: Implications for Separations of a Rare Earth Ore Mineral

Selective removal of dolomite from rare earth element‐bearing phosphorite by flotation and leaching and the adsorption mechanism of agents on mineral surfaces

Mchanistic study on the flotation of barite with C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>33</sub>NaO<sub>2</sub> under microwave radiation based on UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis

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