Extraction of Rare Earths for Advanced Applications

Balachandran, G.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-096988-6.09983-1

Cited by 15 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Global production network of REE phosphor-based, energy-efficient lamps. Source: adapted from Erecon (2014) and Simoni (2013) with % indication of REE phosphor share of total REE market (derived from Castilloux, 2014a) subdivided into estimated 90% of phosphors used in energy-efficient lamps, and 10% for TVs and screens (Balachandran, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Usually, phosphor manufacturers buy a concentrated REE product (oxides or compounds, see Lynas Corporation, 2014) for direct use in producing various patented phosphor powder compositions (Wilburn, 2012). The 11% phosphors are then used by various phosphor using applications (Castilloux, 2014a), with an estimated 90% for phosphors in energy-efficient lamps, and 10% for TVs and screens (Balachandran, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…REE-based phosphor powders use varying amounts of REE, resulting in a wide variety of powder compositions (Ronda, Jüstel & Nikol, 1998), but primarily phosphor powders contain some proportion of Y, Eu and Tb to generate red, green and blue phosphors (Balachandran, 2014). Almost all global supply of Eu, about 85% of Tb and close to 77% of Y are used for phosphors (Moss et al, 2013;Tan, Li, & Zeng, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To calculate the volumes of Eu, Tb and Y available to energy-efficient lamps in 2015-2020, we estimate total primary supply volumes. We use current estimates that 100% of Eu, 85% of Tb and 77% of Y are used for phosphors (Moss et al, 2013; of which 90% would be available to the production of LEDs, CFLS, and LFLs and the remaining 10% for TVs and screens (Balachandran, 2014).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties

Machacek

Richter

Habib

et al. 2015

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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Rare earth element (REE) recycling remains low at 1%, despite significant uncertainties related to future supply and demand and EU 2020 energy efficiency objectives. We use a global production network framework of REE flows from mine to REE phosphors in energy-efficient lamps to illustrate the potential of closed-loop recycling for secondary supply under different scenarios of primary supply and forecasted demand for LEDs, CFLs and LFLs. We find that different End-of-Life Recycling Rate scenarios for REE secondary supply range between meeting forecasted REE demand and filling primary supply gaps, and competing with primary supply. Our argument centres on diversifying REE sourcing with recycling and the choice between primary and secondary supply. We stress that secondary REE phosphor supply requires further policy to support lamp collection and a discussion of the value of REE phosphor recycling underlying its economic feasibility.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties

Machacek

Richter

Habib

et al. 2015

Resources, Conservation and Recycling

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“…Since they have similar chemical properties, the elements in the lanthanide series, yttrium and scandium, are considered as rare-earth elements (REE). Another classification used is light rare-earth elements (LREEs, atomic numbers 57 -63: La, Ce, Nd, Pr, Pm, Sm and Eu) and heavy rareearth elements (HREEs, atomic numbers 64 -71: Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Yb) [59], [60]. Most of the REE deposits exist in China, America, India, Middle Asian nations, South Africa, Australia and Canada.…”

Section: Extraction Of Rare-earth Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mining and Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore

Ptáček¹

2016

Apatites and Their Synthetic Analogues - Synthesis, Structure, Properties and Applications

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The first commercial production of phosphate rock began in England in 1847. A wide variety of techniques and equipment is used to mine and process phosphate rocks in order to beneficiate low-grade ores and remove impurities. The eighth chapter of this book deals with mining and beneficiation of phosphate ore. The principle and operating conditions of important parts of manufacturing process including separation, classification, removing of carbonates, calcination and flotation was described. The chapter ends with description of techniques used for extraction of rare earth element. phosphates are very similar. The separation by physical means becomes even impossible when the carbonate minerals are finely disseminated into the phosphate particles. KeywordsAn alternative technique for the beneficiation of these ores is the calcination. Calcination is the process of heating the ore to a high temperature ranging from 800 to 1000°C to decompose CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 to CaO, MgO and gaseous CO 2 . The CaO and MgO formed are then removed as hydroxides by quenching the calcined product in water and washing. The most common chemical reagent used to enhance the removal of calcium and magnesium hydroxides is ammonium chloride.Chemical dissolution of carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite) from calcareous phosphate ores, without the calcination, using organic acids also proved to be capable of beneficiating the calcareous phosphate ores on the laboratory scale.4. Phosphate ores associated with organic matter (black or brown phosphates): ores of this type are generally beneficiated by heating the ore up to about 800°C. This type of calcination burns organic material and residual organic carbon without significantly affecting the superior qualities of sedimentary phosphates such as the solubility and reactivity.Furthermore, as a result of low calcination temperature, the reduction of calcium sulfate, present in ore, to corrosive calcium sulfide by the organic matter is minimized. During the burning of organic matter, the following two conditions must be kept: organic carbon must be decreased to less than 0.3% to minimize the gassing in the wet phosphoric acid processing, and apatite CO 2 must be maintained at a level close to 2% to allow good reactivity of calcined product.5. Phosphate ores containing more than one type of gangue minerals: many sedimentary phosphate deposits contain mixtures of undesired constituents. These ores require a series of beneficiating operations during their processing depending on the type of gangue minerals present in each ore. This may include, after the size reduction, the combination of attrition scrubbing, desliming, flotation, gravity separation and/or calcination. Each flow sheet is to be designed after thorough characterization and testing of a representative sample of the exploited ore.Igneous and metamorphic phosphate ores: the main gangue materials in these ores are sulfides, magnetite, carbonates (calcite, dolomite, siderite and ankerite), nepheline syenite, pyroxenite, foskorite,...

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Rare Earth Elements—A Treasure Locked in AMD?

Krüger

2020

Recovery of Byproducts From Acid Mine Drainage Treatment

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Extraction of Rare Earths for Advanced Applications

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties

Recycling of rare earths from fluorescent lamps: Value analysis of closing-the-loop under demand and supply uncertainties

Mining and Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore

Rare Earth Elements—A Treasure Locked in AMD?

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