Extraction of Platinum Group Metals

Thethwayo, Bongephiwe Mpilonhle

doi:10.5772/intechopen.73214

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The approaches used on an industrial level are of hydrometallurgical nature and rely on selective precipitation via complex formation, solvent extraction, and ion‐exchange. [ 78 , 79 ]…”

Section: State‐of‐the‐art Approaches To Pgm Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid‐ and Solid‐based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review

et al. 2022

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The wide application range and ascending demand for platinum group metals combined with the progressive depletion of their natural resources renders their efficient recycling a very important and pressing matter. Primarily environmental considerations associated with state‐of‐the‐art recovery processes have shifted the focus of the scientific community toward the investigation of alternative recycling approaches. Within this context, ionic liquids have gained considerable attention in the last two decades chiefly sparked by properties such as tunabilty, low‐volatility, and relatively easy recyclability. In this review an understanding of the state‐of‐the‐art processes, including their drawbacks and limitations, is provided. The core of the discussion is focused on platinum group metal recovery with ionic liquid‐based systems. A brief insight in some environmental considerations related to ionic liquids is also provided while some discussion on research gaps, common misconceptions related to ionic liquids and outlook on unresolved issues could not be absent from this review.

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“…The approaches used on an industrial level are of hydrometallurgical nature and rely on selective precipitation via complex formation, solvent extraction, and ion‐exchange. [ 78 , 79 ]…”

Section: State‐of‐the‐art Approaches To Pgm Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid‐ and Solid‐based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review

et al. 2022

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“…Platinum Group Elements (PGEs ) or PGMs, consists of six precious metals; platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rd), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir) as well as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) [1]. Application of PGMs is mostly in investments, auto-catalyst, jewellery and medical implants amongst others [2]. Geologically, South Africa (SA) and Zimbabwe hosts 80% of global PGMs reserves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Merensky and Platreef were initially exploited due to their shallow stratiform and simple mineralogy compared to UG2, [1]. UG2 reef is now a dominant PGM source due to the gradual depletion of the other reefs [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Geologically, PGMs mostly associate with sulphides as host body while silicates and chromite are typical gangue minerals. UG2 specifically has up to 60 % chromite content, this necessitates unique beneficiation methods since Merensky and Platreef hardly has chromite as major phases [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At concentration processes the target is to concentrate sulphides while suppressing silicates and chromite. A typical PGM processing route includes, comminution, flotation, smelting, converting, leaching, electrowinning and precious metals refining [2]. Flotation is a concentration step where surface chemistry of minerals is manipulated to separate hydrophobic from hydrophilic minerals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans Applied for the Beneficiation of Platinum Group Metals-Bearing Base Metal Sulphides

Zulu,

Thethwayo,

Madiba

2023

Preprint

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Platinum group metals (PGMs) high-grade ore tonnage from Merensky reef keeps on depreciating forcing the metallurgical industry to explore beneficiating PGMs from upper group 2 (UG2) ore which has up to 60% content of chromite and from secondary sources. The PGMs are naturally associated with base metal sulphides and the efficacy of the PGMs extraction processes is dependent on the processing of PGMs-bearing base metal sulphides. These processes include concentrating PGMs-bearing base metal sulphides through flotation, oxidation, etc. prior the metal extraction processes. The evolving mineralogy of PGMs ores has necessitated the use of multiple reagents to enhance the efficiency of the concentration process. This has led to an increased amount of inor-ganic chemicals disposal to the environment and the processing of PGMs to be less economic. Bio-technology has been investigated as a potential low cost, ecologically safe substitute for many current minerals processing methods. The metabolites produced by microorganisms have been used for many years with great success in the leaching and flotation of metals from medium and low-grade sulphide minerals. The possible application of microorganism mainly Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. ferrooxidans) in the metallurgical processing of PGMs-bearing base metal sulphides is systematically reviewed in this paper. The main emphasis is on the use of A. ferrooxidans in bio-oxidation and bioleaching, as well as their potential to substitute inorganic reagents in the flo-tation of PGMs-bearing base metal sulphides from primary and secondary sources

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Optimized Bioleaching Pre-treatment of UG-2 PGM Flotation Concentrate Using Design of Experiments

Shemi,

Chipise,

Yah

et al. 2024

J. Sustain. Metall.

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The depletion of the Merensky ore has led the South African platinum industry into largely mining and processing Upper Group Two (UG-2) ore for the extraction of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs). However, the processing of the UG-2 material is not fully amenable to the conventional pyrometallurgical route due to the high chrome content. Therefore, in this study, a bio-based process for base metal extraction from UG-2 flotation concentrates was investigated. This study represents only part of the work done in a broader investigation to develop a completely biological two-stage process for the extraction of base metals and PGEs. In this paper, only the first stage of the process is presented. This study evaluated a mixture of indigenous thermoacidophile archaebacteria namely, Acidianus brierleyi, Sulfolobus sp., and Metallosphaera sedula. A statistical Design of Experiments (DOE) was used for finding optimal conditions. Factors investigated included particle size, pH, pulp density, inoculum dosage, and temperature. Optimal extraction efficiencies of 92% for Co, 97% for Cu, and 99% for Ni were predicted at correlation coefficients of 92.5%, 93.2%, and 88.0%, respectively, thus, verifying the fitness of the model. Optimal base metal extractions obtained were 99.3% for Co, 90.1% for Cu, 41.58% for Fe, and 99.5% for Ni. The results showed a substantial extraction of base metals from UG-2 PGM flotation concentrate suggesting a potentially feasible option for industrial bioprocessing of PGM concentrates. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on bioleaching of base metals from UG-2 flotation concentrates. Graphical Abstract

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Extraction of Platinum Group Metals

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Liquid‐ and Solid‐based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review

Liquid‐ and Solid‐based Separations Employing Ionic Liquids for the Recovery of Platinum Group Metals Typically Encountered in Catalytic Converters: A Review

Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans Applied for the Beneficiation of Platinum Group Metals-Bearing Base Metal Sulphides

Optimized Bioleaching Pre-treatment of UG-2 PGM Flotation Concentrate Using Design of Experiments

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