Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Terpenes from Cannabis sativa L. By-Products: From Conventional to Intensified Processes

Abstract

Cannabis sativa L. is a controversial crop due to its high tetrahydrocannabinol content varieties; however, the hemp varieties get an increased interest. This paper describes (i) the main categories of phenolic compounds (flavonoids, stilbenoids and lignans) and terpenes (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) from C. sativa by-products and their biological activities and (ii) the main extraction techniques for their recovery. It includes not only common techniques such as conventional solvent extraction, and hydrodistillation, but also intensification and emerging techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction or supercritical CO2 extraction. The effect of the operating conditions on the yield and composition of these categories of phenolic compounds and terpenes was discussed. A thorough investigation of innovative extraction techniques is indeed crucial for the extraction of phenolic compounds and terpenes from cannabis toward a sustainable industrial valorization of the whole plant.

Mechanochemical-Assisted Extraction and Hepatoprotective Activity Research of Flavonoids from Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Pomaces

“…The traditional extraction methods of flavonoids include heat reflux extraction (HRE) [10], alkali extraction [11], ultrasound-assisted extraction [12,13], microwave-assisted extraction [14] and supercritical fluid extraction [15,16], etc. The processes of extracting flavonoids from sea buckthorn leaves mainly includes solvent extraction [17,18], ultrasonicassisted extraction [19,20], microwave-assisted extraction [21], enzyme-assisted extraction [22] and synergistic extraction [23].…”

A Comprehensive Review on the Techniques for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Cannabis

“…Cannabis is chemically diverse, with cannabinoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes being the most important phytochemicals [ 75 ]. Several conventional extraction techniques have been applied to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis using various solvents [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ].…”

“…Cannabis is chemically diverse, with cannabinoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenes being the most important phytochemicals [ 75 ]. Several conventional extraction techniques have been applied to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis using various solvents [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Different conventional extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and dynamic maceration, have been employed to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis [ 68 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 82 ].…”

“…Several conventional extraction techniques have been applied to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis using various solvents [ 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Different conventional extraction methods, including Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and dynamic maceration, have been employed to extract phytochemicals from Cannabis [ 68 , 75 , 76 , 80 , 82 ]. However, studies have also revealed the caveats of using conventional extraction methods, such as the extraction of unwanted substances and degradation of heat-sensitive compounds due to extraction under high temperature [ 84 ].…”

Intensification Technologies to Efficiently Extract Antioxidants from Agro-Food Residues

“…The review by Isidore et al [1] provides an overview of the main bioactive compounds in hemp, which includes phenolic compounds and terpenes, apart from the cannabinoids, together with the extraction techniques applied so far for their recovery from conventional extraction or hydro-distillation to ultrasound-assisted extraction or highpressure technologies such as supercritical fluid extraction.…”