Extraction of Oil From Jordanian Attarat Oil Shale

Abstract

A short overview of the previous works concerning oil extraction from Jordanian oil shale is presented. The results of the systematic experimental study obtained in this work on the effects of temperature (320-420 °C) and exposure time (0-10 h) at nominal temperature on the yield of pyrolysis products from Attarat oil shale generated in autoclaves without any solvent and in the presence of benzene, water and tetralin are described. The yields of solid residue, gas, pyrolytic water and subsequent extracts with benzene (thermobitumen and oil (TBO) including asphaltenes and hexane solubles) and tetrahydrofurane (asphaltols) were estimated. The compound groups of TBO were assessed. The highest yield of TBO, 59.4% of organic matter (OM), was obtained at a temperature of 420 °C and duration 0.25 h. The 20% lower yield of TBO from Jordanian oil shale OM in comparison with that from Estonian Kukersite OM is explained by close values of the apparent kinetic constants estimated for the overall decomposition of the Attarat oil shale OM, and for the secondary decomposition of TBO.

Wet Air Oxidation of Oil Shales: Kerogen Dissolution and Dicarboxylic Acid Formation

“…The Green River shale used had an organic C content of 13.0% and a sulfur content of 0.7%, while the Jordan shale had an organic C content of 12.7% and a sulfur content of 2.8%. The Green River shale and kukersite are the two most extensively studied kerogens, and, according to the literature, similar oxidation products can be expected. ,, The Jordan shale also has an aliphatic nature, but the mineral composition is different. , …”

“…1 , 42 , 43 The Jordan shale also has an aliphatic nature, but the mineral composition is different. 44 , 45 …”

Illuminating and optimising a three‐dimensional model of an oil shale seam and its volume distribution using the transient electromagnetic induction method, central part of Jordan

“…Commonly, Cretaceous to Paleogene sedimentary sequences of the North Africa-Arabian shelf sea contain vast volumes of high-grade OM. Burial conditions, heat, and pressure caused the OM to change to kerogen materials (Abed et al 2009;Tiikma et al 2015). The Jordanian oil shale, as well as that of the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa, seems to have been deposited under upwelling current regimes where numerous foraminiferas' shells were filled with bitumen or kerogen instead of the common mineral calcite.…”

“…The source of kerogen is marine algae; this originates from fossilised phytoplankton and zooplankton that flourished and were deposited on the southern continental shelf of the Tethys Ocean. Burial conditions, heat, and pressure caused the OM to change to kerogen materials (Abed et al 2009;Tiikma et al 2015). Hussein (2013) subdivided the time of Jordan's oil shale deposition into two periods: Late Cretaceous and Eocene, such that the early oil shale was deposited in a shallow carbonate shelf where oyster bioherm barriers reduced the water circulation and caused anoxic conditions.…”

“…Jordan is capable of producing shale oil and electricity in the near future as a replacement for imported crude oil and petroleum products (Jaber and Mohsen 2001;Tiikma et al 2015). Areas with a volume content of more than 8.5% oil yield will be used for producing oil, and areas with less than an 8.5% oil yield will be utilised for power generation.…”