“…NFC can be produced from wood pulp and several other agricultural materials by mechanical fibrillation, such as high pressure homogenizer and ultrasonication, with or without chemical or enzymatic pretreatment. It has been reported that mechanical treatments that were used to convert purified cellulose into nanoscale cellulose did not substantially affect the chemical composition of the cellulose starting materials (Harini, Ramya, & Sukumar, 2018;Jongaroontaprangsee, Chiewchan, & Devahastin, 2018;Kalia, Boufi, Celli, & Kango, 2014;Missoum, Belgacem, & Bras, 2013;Singh, Tamehana, Hemar, & Munro, 2003;Tuzzin, Godinho, Dettmer, & Zattera, 2016;Winuprasith & Suphantharika, 2013). NFC consists of long fibers that form an interlocking network when dispersed in aqueous solutions, leading to a high shear viscosity (Bai, Huan, Xiang, & Rojas, 2018).…”