Extraction of microalgal toxins by large-scale pumping of seawater in Spain and Norway, and isolation of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2

Rundberget, Thomas; Sandvik, Morten; Larsen, Kristofer; Pizarro, Gemita; Reguera, B.; Castberg, Tonje; Gustad, Eli; Loader, Jared I.; Rise, Frode; Wilkins, Alistair L.; Miles, Christopher O.

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.07.003

Cited by 52 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We have demonstrated the successful application of HP20 for detection of the hydrophilic toxins DA and PST in the field, and previous studies have demonstrated its applicability for lipophilic toxins (Fux et al 2009;Fux et al 2008;Mackenzie et al 2004;Pizarro et al 2008aPizarro et al , 2008bRundberget et al 2007Rundberget et al , 2009Takahashi et al 2007;Turrell et al 2007). HP20 demonstrates characteristics that perhaps most closely imitate those of a mussel, i.e., a relatively low rate of accumulation (19% over 7 d) and a relatively higher rate of desorption.…”

Section: ; Aoac International 2006)mentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Extraction of a field SPATT sample is comparatively lower in time and labor requirements. The SPATT extraction described here includes a three-step series of column elutions that can be completed within 10-30 min, yielding extracts that are available for immediate analysis of a single toxin or of multiple toxins, as demonstrated (e.g., DA or DA plus PST), We note that others have already demonstrated the ability to use HP20 for a suite of marine toxins (Fux et al 2008(Fux et al , 2009Mackenzie et al 2004;Pizarro et al 2008aPizarro et al , 2008bRundberget et al 2007Rundberget et al , 2009Takahashi et al 2007). The resin and extract are reasonably stable when stored at -80°C, providing the ability to archive samples for further analysis at a later time.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for field detection of the hydrophilic phycotoxins domoic acid and saxitoxin in coastal California

Lane

Roddam

Langlois

et al. 2010

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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Recent publications have identified the analysis of phycotoxins in sentinel shellfish as a problematic tool for environmental monitoring purposes. Domoic acid (DA), a neurotoxin produced by some species of the diatom Pseudo‐nitzschia, can remain undetected in sentinel shellfish stocks during toxic blooms and subsequent marine bird and mammal mass mortality events. Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) has previously been described for monitoring of lipophilic toxins, whereas resin‐based sampling methods are routinely employed for many other environmental contaminants. Here, we evaluate the applicability of SPATT for monitoring the hydrophilic phycotoxin DA and demonstrate that the same field sampling methods can be used for the detection of saxitoxins. We present laboratory‐based adsorption profiles characterizing the performance of SPATT with four resin types: (1) HP20, (2) SP700, (3) SP207, and (4) SP207SS. We present results from 17 mo of approximately weekly SPATT deployments in Monterey Bay, California (USA); this period included two significant toxigenic Pseudo‐nitzschia bloom events as well as low‐level saxitoxin events. SPATT signaled the presence of DA 3 and 7 weeks before the recognition of bloom conditions by traditional monitoring techniques (7 and 8 weeks before shellfish toxicity). Under ambient (non‐bloom) conditions, all resins detected DA when its presence was not apparent from traditional monitoring, highlighting the ubiquity of low level or transient toxin events in the environment. This study is the first to evaluate SPATT deployments in U.S. waters, and the first to demonstrate the applicability of SPATT toward detection of hydrophilic phycotoxins in the field.

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Section: ; Aoac International 2006)mentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for field detection of the hydrophilic phycotoxins domoic acid and saxitoxin in coastal California

Lane

Roddam

Langlois

et al. 2010

Limnology & Ocean Methods

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“…Pre-concentration and clean-up using SPE improves the detection limit from ppm to the sub-ppm level for HPLC-UV [40] and from sub-ppb to sub-ppt level for LC-MS/MS [41]. A large-scale pump of seawater was employed for concentration purpose; however, this sampling approach is prone to problems including cartridge clogging, long procedure steps and use of larger volumes of extraction solvents particularly for samples rich in chlorophyll pigment and other organic matrices [42]. To circumvent these issues, a supported liquid membrane based technique was explored as an alternative sample clean-up method for subsequent LC-ESI-MS of four MC variants (MC-RR, -YR, -LR, and -WR) from lyophilize algal cells [43].…”

Section: New Sampling and Sample Preparation Techniques For Algal Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Techniques for Detecting and Monitoring Algal Toxins and Causative Harmful Algal Blooms

2014

J Environ Anal Chem

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The detection and monitoring techniques for algal toxins and the causative harmful algal blooms (HABs) are essential for the protection of aquatic lives, shellfish safety, drinking water quality, and public health. Toward the development of fast, easy, and reliable techniques, much progress has been made during the last decade for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of algal toxins. This review highlights the recent progress and new trends of these analytical and monitoring tools, ranging from in-situ quick screening protocols for the monitoring of algal blooms to mass spectrometric analysis of trace levels of various algal toxins and structural elucidation. Solid-phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) deployed in the field for the passive sampling of algal toxins has been recently validated, and improved ELISA-based methods with lower detection limits for more toxins have become commercially available for both screening and routine monitoring purposes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with several recent mass spectrometric innovations has expanded our understanding of traditional toxins, their metabolites along with newly discovered toxins of ecological importance. Several established in vivo and in vitro bioassays will continue to be used as benchmark toxicological testing of algal toxins; however, newly emerged molecular probing techniques such as real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have extended our ability to trace algal toxins from causative organisms at the molecular level. New chemical and biological sensors, lab-on-chip and remote sensing of blooms being developed will hold promise for early warning and routine monitoring to better manage and protect our freshwater, coastal and marine resources from adverse impact by harmful algal blooms.

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“…in Spain and Norway [38] was evaporated to dryness under nitrogen to form a paste (approximately 40 g) containing PTX2 (approximately 15 mg). The material was shipped in four tubes, the contents of which were transferred to a pre-weighed 250 mL volumetric flask (with MeOH 3 × 10 mL per tube) and the flask was made up to volume with MeOH.…”

Section: Dinophysis Spp Extract Containing Ptx2mentioning

confidence: 99%

A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 1: design and preparation

et al. 2011

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:The development of multi-analyte methods for lipophilic shellfish toxins based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry permits rapid screening and analysis of samples for a wide variety of toxins in a single run. To ensure accuracy of results, validated methods and appropriate certified reference materials (CRMs) are required. CRMs are essential for accurate instrument calibration, for assessing the complete analytical method from sample extraction to data analysis, and for verifying trueness. However, CRMs have hitherto only been available for single toxin groups.Production of a CRM containing six major toxin groups was achieved through an international collaboration. Preparation of this material, CRM-FDMT1, drew on information from earlier studies as well as improved methods for handling bulk tissues, production of reference materials, and isolation of toxins. Previous investigations of stabilisation techniques indicated freeze-drying to be a suitable procedure for preparation of shellfish toxin RMs and applicable to a wide range of toxins. CRM-FDMT1 was initially prepared as a bulk wet tissue homogenate with planned concentrations of domoic acid, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxins, azaspiracids, pectenotoxins, yessotoxin and spirolides. The homogenate was then freeze dried, milled and bottled in aliquots suitable for distribution and analysis. The moisture content and particle size distribution were measured, and determined to be appropriate. A preliminary toxin analysis of the final material showed a comprehensive toxin profile.

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Extraction of microalgal toxins by large-scale pumping of seawater in Spain and Norway, and isolation of okadaic acid and dinophysistoxin-2

Cited by 52 publications

References 15 publications

Application of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for field detection of the hydrophilic phycotoxins domoic acid and saxitoxin in coastal California

Application of Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) for field detection of the hydrophilic phycotoxins domoic acid and saxitoxin in coastal California

Current Techniques for Detecting and Monitoring Algal Toxins and Causative Harmful Algal Blooms

A mussel tissue certified reference material for multiple phycotoxins. Part 1: design and preparation

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