Extraction of lead ions from aqueous solution by co-stabilization mechanisms of magnetic Fe2O3 particles and nonionic surfactants in emulsion liquid membrane

Simultaneous Extraction of Lead, Copper, and Cadmium from Aqueous Solution using Emulsion Liquid Membrane Technique

“…Instability is one of the disadvantages of this technique, which reduces the extraction efficiency of the solvents. The breakage emulsion (%B) indicates instability, as can be verified using the following equation [20][26] [7] [36] [28] :…”

“…Through a review of previous studies, it was found that the optimum speed for each research varied based on the working conditions and the extracted pollutant and its concentration, where Salman et al [7] said that the best speed is 12,700 within 10 min of lead with a concentration pouring to 200 ppm, and 20000 rpm at 4 min in another study Chaouchi et al [37] .…”

“…The percentage of the volume ratio of 4% was found to outperform in the extraction of Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ ,Cd 2+ ions from the feed phase at the same time, while different volume ratios were reported when those ions were treated separately [7][28] [25] . For Pb 2+ ions, it was reported to be 4% using D2EHPA as a carrier Salman et al [7]. For Cu 2+ ions, it was reported to be 20% Chiha et al [28], and for Cd 2+ ions, the volume ratio was reported to be 4.4% Yanlin et al [25].…”

“…Copper results in liver and kidneys damage S. N. H. D. et al [4], Cadmium as carcinogen for humans, also affects kidneys [5] [6]. Lead causes major damage to immune and nervous systems Salman et al [7] . It also hinders children's growth.…”

“…The study was extended to investigate system stability and defining the best operating conditions for it. Literature shows that the Pb removal from wastewaters was studied by [31][32] [7], the Cu removal from wastewaters was studied by [33][28] [1], and the Cd removal from wastewaters was studied by [34][35] [25].…”