Extraction of gallium from Bayer liquor using extractant produced from cashew nutshell liquid

Hoang, Anh Son; Nguyen, Hong Nhung; Bui, Nam Q.; Vu, Hong Son; Vo, Thanh Phong; Nguyên, Thành Vinh; Phan, Chi

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2015.05.012

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It may have a comparable performance to 12-hydroxystearic-based thickener. In addition to cleaning surfactants [14] and metallurgically extractants [12], making lubricating thickeners will enhance the CNSL as a sustainable feedstock for green chemistry. The proposed grease production can be also combined with recycled lithium from the spent batteries to improve the sustainability of the battery industry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to economic and technical advantages, the process also reduces the environmental impact of cashew nut production. While CNSL has other potential applications, such as antioxidants [31], surfactants [12] or pharmaceutical usage [32], those processes are too complicated for developing regions. The proposed process in this study can be applied with simple equipment and is thus fully utilized in the sustainable development in the cropping regions [13].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Lithium Anacardatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the specific components of liquor have different physical properties and can be used as specialized chemicals. The most well-known chemical that cashew nut shell liquor contains is cardanol, which can be converted into industrial chemicals such as extractants [12,13] and surfactants [14]. The molecular structure of natural cardanols offers comparable physio-chemical properties to petroleum-based organic reagents [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor

Hoang,

Pham,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Thickener, also known as a gelling agent, is a critical component of lubricating greases. The most critical property of thickener, temperature resistance, is determined by the molecular structure of the compounds. Currently, all high-temperature-resistant thickeners are based on 12-hydroxystearic acid, which is exclusively produced from castor oil. Since castor oil is also an important reagent for other processes, finding a sustainable alternative to 12-hydroxystearic acid has significant economic implications. This study synthesises an alternative thickener from abundant agricultural waste, cashew nut shell liquor (CNSL). The synthesis and separation procedure contains three steps: (i) forming and separating calcium anacardate by precipitation, (ii) forming and separating anacardic acid (iii) forming lithium anacardate. The obtained lithium anacardate can be used as a thickener for lubricating grease. It was found that the recovery of anacardic acid was around 80%. The optimal reaction temperature and time conditions for lithium anacardate were 100 °C and 1 h, respectively. The method provides an economical alternative to castor and other vegetable oils. The procedure presents a simple pathway to produce the precursor for the lubricating grease from agricultural waste. The first reaction step can be combined with the existing distillation of cashew nut shell processing. An effective application can promote CNSL to a sustainable feedstock for green chemistry. The process can also be combined with recycled lithium from the spent batteries to improve the sustainability of the battery industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Lithium Anacardatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor

Hoang,

Pham,

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Molecules

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“…Previously, we synthesized an oxime from CNSL and successfully used it to extract gallium from bauxite processing liquor [19]. This study explores the feasibility of the chemical to extract valuable metal from recycling LIBs and e-waste.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a cashew-based oxime in extracting Ni, Mn and Co from aqueous solution

Phan

Hoang

et al. 2021

Chem. Biol. Technol. Agric.

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Background Cashew nut shell is a by-product of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) production, which is abundant in many developing countries. Cashew nut shell liquor (CNSL) contains a functional chemical, cardanol, which can be converted into a hydroxyoxime. The hydroxyoximes are expensive reagents for metal extraction. Methods CNSL-based oxime was synthesized and used to extract Ni, Co, and Mn from aqueous solutions. The extraction potential was compared against a commercial extractant (LIX 860N). Results All metals were successfully extracted with pH0.5 between 4 and 6. The loaded organic phase was subsequently stripped with an acidic solution. The extraction efficiency and pH0.5 of the CNSL-based extractant were similar to a commercial phenol-oxime extractant. The metals were stripped from the loaded organic phase with a recovery rate of 95% at a pH of 1. Conclusions Cashew-based cardanol can be used to economically produce an oxime in a simple process. The naturally-based oxime has the economic potential to sustainably recover valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries. Graphic abstract

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“…Electrochemical methods, such as mercury cathode electrolysis and cementation, 1 are now all banned because of heavy metal pollution and high energy consumption. In the solvent extraction process, 13 Bayer liquor is treated by several precipitation steps for an initial separation of gallium, then most gallium is recovered after tributyl phosphate treating, but its drawbacks include destruction to the alumina liquor. The use of biodegradable polymer powders, crab shells, and chitosan, in the removal of Ga 3+ from aqueous solution is studied 14 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uniform macroporous amidoximated polyacrylonitrile monoliths for gallium recovery from Bayer liquor

Zhang

Peng

Shi

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Efficient recovery of gallium from aqueous solution remains a problem to be solved in industry. Here a novel crosslinked monolith based on polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide (C-PAN) was prepared by thermally induced phase separation and supercritical CO 2 extraction drying technology. The influences of dissolution temperature and exchange solvents with different solubility parameters on the pore structure of C-PAN were systematically studied. It was found that the pore diameter decreased with the decrease of dissolution temperature and the increase of Δδ between exchange solvent and PAN. Meanwhile, the C-PAN with a small and dense pore structure showed better mechanical strength. Thereafter, the Ga 3+ adsorption ability of amidoximated monolith (C-PAO) in simulated Bayer liquor was determined by batch tests. In the case of using methanol as the exchange solvent, the kinetic and equilibrium inspection study illustrated that both physical and chemical adsorption are present due to the multiscale and interconnected structure and the amidoxime groups. The adsorption capacity of C-PAO monolith toward gallium was 15.8 mg/g, with the equilibrium time as fast as 140 min, which can meet the requirement for the rapid extraction of gallium from Bayer liquor. It is expected that our work can provide some new ideas for fabricating gallium adsorbents.

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Extraction of gallium from Bayer liquor using extractant produced from cashew nutshell liquid

Cited by 19 publications

References 15 publications

Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor

Synthesis of a Grease Thickener from Cashew Nut Shell Liquor

Application of a cashew-based oxime in extracting Ni, Mn and Co from aqueous solution

Uniform macroporous amidoximated polyacrylonitrile monoliths for gallium recovery from Bayer liquor

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