“…Compared to analytical methods, numerical methods require analyzing the entire I-V curve of PV modules. Due to the multimodal nature of the fitness function in parameter extraction problems, intelligent optimization algorithms are widely applied, including Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) (Soon and Low, 2012), Artificial Bee Swarm Optimization (ABSO) (Askarzadeh and Rezazadeh, 2013;Oliva et al, 2014;Garoudja et al, 2015), Cuckoo Search (CS) (Chakrabarti et al, 2016), Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA) (Asif and Li, 2008;Krishnakumar et al, 2013;Rajasekar et al, 2013;Subudhi and Pradhan, 2018), Genetic Algorithm (GA) (Harrag and Messalti, 2015;Kumar and Shiva, 2019), Differential Evolution (DE) Jiang et al, 2013), and Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) (Benkercha et al, 2018;Khursheed et al, 2021). In Ref (Soon and Low, 2012), the particle swarm optimization algorithm was employed, and the concept of inverse barrier constraints was introduced to restrict the parameter search space and thereby enhance the accuracy of parameter identification.…”