Extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from red banana peduncle agro‐waste and application in environmentally friendly biocomposite film

Abstract

The agricultural waste dumped onto the land is creating an environmental problem. The conversion of those easily available agro-wastes into value-added nano reinforcement materials for biopolymers is an alternative method of waste utilization and minimization. In the current study, the red banana peduncle (RBP) waste was used as a precursor in the extraction of carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CCNCs) by alkalization, acidified chlorination citric acid hydrolysis, as well as the assessment of its reinforcing capability in polyvinyl alcohol. The characterization of the extracted CCNCs is analyzed through electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The CCNCs exhibit a rod-like shape (235 ± 20 nm length and 17.2 ± 6 nm width) with a high crystallinity of 89.7%, a negative zeta potential (À48 mV), and good thermal resistivity against degradation up to 280 C. Furthermore, the effects of CCNCs integration on the bionanocomposite films' tensile, optical, bio decomposition, and thermal behavior were examined. The bionanocomposite film with improved physical, functional, thermal and bio decomposition characteristics offers the possibility for active packaging applications.

Innovative ionic liquid pretreatment followed by wet disk milling treatment provides enhanced properties of sugar palm nano-fibrillated cellulose

“…Notably, the dimensions are significantly smaller than the size of an empty fruit bunch (EFB) (17.85 nm) [ 68 ] and waste paper (20–40 nm) [ 41 ]. Additionally, AFM was used as a reference technique for evaluating the morphology and size of the nanocellulose [ 69 ]. The AFM-obtained topography image of CNF reveals a thread structure, consistent with the analysis using TEM.…”

Extraction of microfibrillated cellulose from elephant egesta and evaluating its reinforcing ability in pectin/alginate packaging films

“…The findings from the study of Nagarajan K. J. et al revealed similar outcomes; according to their SEM investigation, alkali-treated and bleached fibers are observed to be separated from one another. 51 Rod-like structures with separations are seen in Figure 2B, which ensures that acid hydrolysis breaks the amorphous region in the fibers. 42 The width of MFC is observed to be reduced within the range of 4.62-6.16 μm.…”

Nanocellulose from Agricultural Waste – A Concise Insight into Extraction and Applications

“…Acid hydrolysis is often performed to get cellulose nanocrystals after the alkaline treatment and purification, whereas cellulose nanofibers are also obtained by mechanical treatments ter minating in a high-pressure homogenization procedure 3 . Nanocellulose is often isolated from cellulosic materials using acid hydrolysis and it has been obser ved that some of the cellulose chains are more organized than others, and acids quickly break down the disorganized regions while leaving the more orderly ones intact 17 . Nanocellulose is extracted from lignocellulosic biomass using the two-stage process in which the pretreatment eliminates all of the chemicals that are not cellulosic, such as lignin, hemicellulose, (a) coconut husk, (b) cocoa pod husk, (c) corn cob, (d) ramie fiber, (e) enset fiber, (f) kenaf fiber, (g) rice husk, (h) wheat straw, (i) jute fibers, (j) pineapple waste, (k) date pits, and (l) pea hull Biofuels and biopolymers are two examples of value-added products that may be made from lignocellulosic biomass 12 .…”

“…Though a variety of acids may be used for acid hydrolysis, sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) is the most commonly used 21 . Sulphuric acid is often used in acid hydrolysis, the sulphate ions esterify the hydroxyl group, allowing the nanocrystalline cellulose to be successfully par titioned and disseminated as a stable colloid system 17 . The separation of cellulose chains and finally the dissolution of cellulose Fig.…”

“…Pre-treatment using concentrated sulphur ic acid help in breaking down the crystalline arrangement of the cellulose 22 . Time, temperature, and acid concentration are important factors in determining the final nanocellulose characteristics while the most important disadvantage of acid hydrolysis is the formation of acid wastewater during washing to enable the pH value neutralization of the nitrocellulose solution 17 . After acid hydrolyzing lignocellulosic biomass, the resulting particles which are thin, rod, or whisker-shaped are known as cellulose nanocrystals are almost pure cellulose particles known by different names such as nanocrystalline cellulose, cellulose whiskers, or cellulose nano whiskers 18 .…”