Extraction of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata Dried Leaves Using Supercritical CO₂ and Ethanol Mixture

Abstract

The increase in the number of world's elderly population and changes in their lifestyle has triggered to the formation of diseases susceptible communities. Inherent with the aforementioned conditions, the need in andrographolide as one of natural remedies isolated from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata also increases. In this work, supercritical fluid extraction employing CO 2 −ethanol mixture as solvent has shown its capability in extracting andrographolide from dried leaves of A. paniculata. The andrographolide yield largely increased when the ethanol concentration in the solvent mixtures was increased from 0 to 12.5 mol %, but there was no significant increase in andrographolide yield as ethanol concentration was further increased. Although an enhancement of both temperature and pressure gave favorable effects on the yield of andrographolide, a crossover effect existed in this supercritical system causing no significant increase of andrographolide yield. The downflow mode performed the highest extraction efficiency compared to both upflow and horizontal-flow modes. Supercritical CO 2 −ethanol mixture containing 12.5 mol % ethanol flowed at 2 mL/min according to downflow mode at 323 K and 15 MPa was found to be the most effective in extracting andrographolide. The integral desorption model satisfactory described the extraction profile as shown by its low average error of about 5%.

Semisynthesis and Pesticidal Activities of Derivatives of the Diterpenoid Andrographolide and Investigation on the Stress Response of Aphis citricola Van der Goot (Homoptera: Aphididae)

“…Andrographolide, 1 (Figure ), a labdane diterpenoid, is isolated from Andrographis paniculata . Compound 1 had a variety of medicinal properties such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, , antioxidant, , and antitumor activities. , More recently, Ghosh et al reported that the andrographolide–gold nanoparticle hybrid could ameliorate viper venom-induced toxicities .…”

Kamlet–Taft Dipolarity/Polarizability of Binary Mixtures of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide with Cosolvents: Measurement, Prediction, and Applications in Separation Processes

“…Ethanol cosolvent is commonly used in supercritical fluid extractions because it is regarded to be a safe solvent. 74 Figure 8 shows a relationship of the extracted yield of selected andrographolide components 6 with predicted π* values of scCO 2 −EtOH mixtures. The extracted yields (Figure 8) tended to have a linear increase with the π* values.…”

“…Extraction yield (wt %) of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata dried leaves using supercritical CO 2 and ethanol cosolvent mixture varying ethanol (EtOH) composition (up to 12.5 mol %) as a function of Kamlet–Taft dipolarity/polarizability (π*) of mixtures at a constant temperature of 40 °C, pressure of 10 MPa, extraction time of 7 h. Symbol lists: solid red circle = 0 mol % EtOH (pure CO 2 ), blue solid triangle up = 5 mol % EtOH, solid yellow tilted square = 7.5 mol % EtOH, (orange solid hexagon) = 10 mol % EtOH, and aqua blue solid star = 12.5 mol % EtOH. Data for the extraction are taken from ref . The π* values were calculated by the framework and correction functions of fluorescence (eqs and and Table S9).…”

“…Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) with cosolvents has many advantages in extractions and fractionations of pharmaceuticals − and natural foods. − Polar cosolvents (e.g., methanol and ethanol) with 5–20 mol % are commonly used with scCO 2 to improve the solubility of polar components in the separation processes. To understand trends in yield and selectivity of the separation processes, Kamlet–Taft (KT) solvatochromic dipolarity/polarizability (π*) has been proposed to describe the solvent effects. − Thus, the development of a predictive model for the π* parameter of the scCO 2 –cosolvent binary mixture would be useful for designing the operating conditions in separation processes.…”

“…A comparison for predicted π* values of scCO 2 –cosolvent mixtures was made with four correction functions ( g (ρ CO 2 )) evaluated from the literature actual data using (i) the fluorescence method, (ii) Raman method, (ii) UV–vis method, ,, and (iv) MD simulations . Applications related to solubility, − extraction, ,,, and fractionation were examined and were analyzed with respect to the relationship of the π* values of scCO 2 –cosolvents with yield and selectivity in those applications.…”