Extraction Methods of Virgin Coconut Oil and Palm‐pressed Mesocarp Oil and their Phytonutrients

Abstract

The Refined, Bleached and Deodorized (RBD) Coconut Oil (CO) and RBD Palm Oil (PO) are heavily consumed as cooking oils by Asians. Recently, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Palm‐pressed Mesocarp Oil (PPMO) emerged into the market as functional oils. A number of studies were conducted to extract these edible oils by using different methods and conditions. Thus, this review focuses on the extraction methods of CO, VCO, CPO and PPMO, together with their yields and phytonutrient profiles. Phytonutrients such as carotenoids, tocopherol and tocotrienols, squalene, phytosterol and coenzyme Q10 were found in all the oils with various concentrations depending on their respective extraction methods. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) showed the highest efficiency in extracting VCO and PPMO among the extraction methods, in terms of yield and phytonutrient contents. VCO extracted by SFE contains higher medium chain fatty acids which promotes good digestibility when compared to other extraction methods. PPMO extracted by SFE is clean with a pleasant aroma without the presence of the gums and contains a lower amount of phospholipids. Furthermore, water soluble‐phenolics were found to be present in the PPMO that contribute to its antioxidant activity. Thus, SFE is highly recommended for the extraction of VCO and PPMO.

The antioxidant capacity and nutrient composition characteristics of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seed juice and their relationship with color at different storage temperatures

“…Lipid and ash content were obtained following the Chinese national standard GB/T5009.6–2003 (Soxhlet extractor method) and GB-5009.4–2016 ( Sundrasegaran & Mah, 2020 ).…”

Wybrane Aspekty Technologiczne I Zdrowotne Stosowania Oleju Palmowego W Produkcji Żywności

“…W badaniach Teh i Lau [40] ilość witaminy E w oleju palmowym rafinowanym wynosiła ponad 1600 mg/kg, a ilość karotenoidów ponad 1200 mg/kg. Stwierdzono, że zawartość składników bioaktywnych w rafinowanym oleju palmowym może być niewiele mniejsza niż obecna w surowym tłuszczu [38]. Wyniki tych badań należy traktować jednak z dużą ostrożnością, ponieważ nie opublikowano dobrze zaplanowanych badań porównujących składu oleju z tej samej partii produktu przed rafinacją i po niej.…”

Aquaculture and agriculture‐by products as sustainable sources of omega‐3 fatty acids in the food industry

“…In fact, Soxhlet set-up is the commercial extraction method of Palm-pressed Mesocarp Oil employing hexane. It has been used in palm oil mills in a solvent reflux system that continuously extracts the oil for 4-6 h [102]. Sahena and co-workers employed petroleum ether in a 6 h process to obtain ALA, EPA, DPA and DHA, from flesh, skins, viscera and head of mackerel Rastrelliger kanagurta [71].…”

“…However, one of the disadvantages of this technique is low yields obtained. For example, yields of Virgin Coconut Oil obtained by CP are about 46‐49% [102] . Another disadvantage of this technique is the difficulty to obtain a highly quality product [88].…”