Extraction and separation of scandium from rare earths by electrostatic pseudo liquid membrane

Yang, Xiaojin; Gu, Zhongmao; Wang, Dexi

doi:10.1016/0376-7388(95)00083-o

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Although potential for liquid membrane usage in scandium separation has been researched as far back as the mid 1990s [92], it has not yet been exploited. Yang et al [92] investigated the effectiveness of electrostatic pseudo liquid membrane (ESPLIM) in pre-concentrating and separating scandium from rare-earths, aluminium and iron and found that scandium could be purified from an aqueous solution of 2.3% to nearly 96% in a single separation stage.…”

Section: Liquid Membranes In the Separation Of Scandiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and recovery of critical metal ions using ionic liquids

2016

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Separation and purification of critical metal ions such as rare-earth elements (REEs), scandium and niobium from their minerals is difficult and often determines if extraction is economically and environmentally feasible. Solvent extraction is a commonly used metal-ion separation process, usually favored because of its simplicity, speed and wide scope, which is why it is often employed for separating trace metals from their minerals. However, the types of solvents widely used for the recovery of metal ions have adverse environmental impact. Alternatives to solvent extraction have been explored and advances in separation technologies have shown commercial establishment of liquid membranes as an alternative to conventional solvent extraction for the recovery of metals and other valuable materials. Liquid membrane transport incorporates solvent extraction and membrane separation in one continuously operating system. Both methods conventionally use solvents that are harmful to the environment, however, the introduction of ionic liquids (ILs) over the last decade is set to minimize the environmental impact of both solvent extraction and liquid membrane separation processes. ILs are a family of organic molten salts with low or negligible vapour pressure which may be formed below 100°C. Such liquids are also highly thermally stable and less toxic. Their ionic structure makes them thermodynamically favorable solvents for the extraction of metallic ions. The main aim of this article is to review the current achievements in the separation of REE, scandium, niobium and vanadium from their minerals, using ILs in either solvent extraction or liquid membrane processes. The mechanism of separation using ILs is discussed and the engineering constraints to their application are identified.

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Section: Liquid Membranes In the Separation Of Scandiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and recovery of critical metal ions using ionic liquids

2016

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“…Emulsion liquid membranes have higher transport efficiency by eliminating the equilibrium limitation of conventional liquid–liquid extraction. Scandium was purified from 2.26% to 95.5% in a single stage by the electrostatic pseudo‐liquid membrane using HPMBP as a carrier from a feed containing 10–100 mg L −1 Sc 79. Single stage separation factors of 1781, 769, 2626 and 47.8 for Sc 3+ /RE 3+ , Sc 3+ /Y 3+ , Sc 3+ /Al 3+ , and Sc 3+ /Fe 3+ , respectively, were obtained.…”

Section: Separation and Purification Of Scandium With Liquid Membranementioning

confidence: 99%

Separation and purification of scandium by solvent extraction and related technologies: a review

Wang

Cheng

2011

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

170

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The technologies of solvent extraction, ion exchange, and liquid membrane for the separation and purification of scandium are reviewed. Acidic and neutral organo-phosphorus extractants are most widely used in practice, with high extraction efficiencies. Their disadvantages originate from the high stripping acidity required for the former and the poor selectivity for the latter. Carboxylic acids, amines, and acidic β-diketone have also been widely used to extract scandium from solutions with low acidities. Mixed extractants or synergistic systems for the solvent extraction of scandium have been developed. Extraction efficiencies are influenced by extraction conditions such as aqueous matrixes and acidities, types of diluents and A/O ratios. Scandium(III) extractions are interfered with by commonly associated elements such as iron(III), zirconium(IV), titanium(IV), thorium(IV), yttrium(III) and lanthanides(III). The advantages and disadvantages of applications of ion exchange and liquid membrane technologies for scandium recovery are reviewed and compared with solvent extraction.

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“…The principle has been described previously. 20,21 A pilot plant for yttrium recovery from wastewaters was reported. 22…”

Section: Principle and Applications Of Lm Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s c i t e i s p r o h i b i t e d .components/solutes, having similar thermodynamic extraction equilibrium but having quite different kinetics, can be improved in the ESPLIM 21. This is because the contact time is very short, which favors components with fast extraction kinetics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Liquid Membrane Processes for Metal Separations: Permeability, Stability, and Selectivity

Yang

Fane

Soldenhoff

2002

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

152

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A comparison of bulk, supported, and contained liquid membranes (BLM, SLM, and CLM) for metal separations with respect to permeability, stability, and selectivity is presented. The overall mass-transfer coefficient of magnitude order of 10-6 and 10-7 m s-1 was typically found for SLM/BLM and CLM, respectively. The SLM has the highest organic utilizing efficiency and the poorest membrane stability. Osmotic pressure across the membrane proves to be one of the major causes of SLM instability, and membrane pore elongation due to morphology changes reduces the SLM lifetime. The separation efficiency of liquid membranes can be enhanced by minimizing the organic inventory and maximizing the contact area between the aqueous phase and the organic membrane phase. However, this needs to be balanced against the improvement in stability of various liquid membrane configurations, which can be achieved by employing a significant organic inventory. The selectivity of liquid membranes mainly depends on the extractant used in the membrane phase and is similar to that of one-stage solvent extraction. The paper concludes with a technical comparison of the various liquid-membrane techniques.

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Extraction and separation of scandium from rare earths by electrostatic pseudo liquid membrane

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

Separation and recovery of critical metal ions using ionic liquids

Separation and recovery of critical metal ions using ionic liquids

Separation and purification of scandium by solvent extraction and related technologies: a review

Comparison of Liquid Membrane Processes for Metal Separations: Permeability, Stability, and Selectivity

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