“…To meet the growing demand of critical metals in LiFePO 4 and NCM, a series of metal-rich mining and metallurgical wastes have been used to fabricate these cathode materials. Steel slag [28], titanium dioxide slag [52], Fe-P waste slag [53], chelate slag [54], vanadium-bearing slag FeSO 4 •7H 2 O [55], waste slag [56,57], extracted vanadium residue [58], and lithium extraction slag [59] are favorable precursors for LiFePO 4 /NCM-based cathode materials. For instance, Yang et al developed a phosphoric acid mixture selective leaching technique to selectively remove impurity elements (e.g., Mn, Cu, and Ni) from lithium extraction slag, and the recovered FePO 4 (R-FePO 4 ) can be directly used as a battery-grade cathode material [59].…”