Extraction and quantitation of paraquat and diquat from blood

Matsuoka, Toshiyasu; Okuda, Jun

doi:10.1016/0379-0738(93)90207-q

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Although qualitative as well as quantitative determination of paraquat in urine by dithionite reagent has been routinely used in hospital toxicology for many years 4 Advances in Toxicology [3], due to a relationship between paraquat blood level and severity of its toxicity, quantitative determination of paraquat in blood has still kept its importance in clinic [19][20][21]. Liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) methods have been proposed for extraction of paraquat from urine and blood, but they lack high recovery due to high polarity and water solubility of paraquat [4,5]. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is gradually replacing the traditional LLE method in the extraction of drugs and poisons from biological and nonbiological materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dithionite color test for qualitative and quantitative determination of paraquat in urine has been proposed and used for many years [3]. Although some methods were proposed for solvent extraction of paraquat from blood [4,5], they are less practical in clinical laboratories and lack high extraction recovery. Zeolites are microporous hydrated aluminosilicate materials which are available as naturally occurring materials or as synthetically manufactured substances [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extraction of Parquat from Blood by Clinoptilolite

Aghaii-Afshar

Shetab-Boushehri

2014

Advances in Toxicology

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Paraquat is a bipyridyl herbicide and organic divalent cation which due to its high polarity and water solubility cannot be readily extracted by common organic solvents from body fluids. Dithionite color test for qualitative and quantitative determination of paraquat in urine has been proposed and used for many years. Although some methods were proposed for solvent extraction of paraquat from blood, they are less practical in clinical laboratories and lack high extraction recovery. Clinoptilolite is a highly porous natural zeolite with cation-exchange property and high surface area. In the present work, extraction of paraquat from human blood by clinoptilolite was investigated and compared with Amberlite CG-50 I, a well-known weak cation-exchanger. Blood paraquat was adsorbed by adsorbents (clinoptilolite or Amberlite) and extracted from them by saturated sodium chloride solution. Extracted paraquat was spectrophotometrically measured by means of sodium dithionite reagent at 394.5 nm. Recovery, limit of detection, considering signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3, and limit of quantification, regarding S/N of 10, of paraquat extraction by clinoptilolite and Amberlite CG-50 were 81.7% ± 3.4%, 0.58 g, and 1.93 g and 83.6% ± 3.2%, 0.49 g, and 1.63 g, respectively. Repeatabilities (within-laboratory error) of paraquat extraction by clinoptilolite and Amberlite CG-50 I were 7.1% and 6.3%, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Parquat from Blood by Clinoptilolite

Aghaii-Afshar

Shetab-Boushehri

2014

Advances in Toxicology

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“…This technique does not distinguish between the parent compound and its metabolites. 59 Some methods based on second-derivative spectroscopy were developed, 35,175,176 which are advantageous over classical spectrophotometric techniques due to the enhancement of the DQ +● peak, as well as the supression of larger absorption bands as a result of nonspecific matrix absorption. Fuke et al 35 developed a method where DQ 2+ was reduced with sodium hydroxyde–dithionite solution in urine and centrifuged, while serum was firstly deproteinized with sulfosalicylic acid, centrifuged and then DQ 2+ was reduced with the same solution (Figure 9).…”

Section: Analytical Toxicologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment

2018

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Diquat (1,1′-ethylene-2,2′-bipyridinium ion; DQ) is a nonselective quick-acting herbicide, which is used as contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Several cases of human poisoning were reported worldwide mainly due to intentional ingestion of the liquid formulations. Its toxic potential results from its ability to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through redox cycling processes that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially cell death. Kidney is the main target organ due to DQ toxicokinetics and redox cycling. There is no antidote against DQ intoxications, and the efficacy of treatments currently applied is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant human and experimental findings related to DQ, characterizing its chemistry, activity as herbicide, mechanisms of toxicity, consequences of poisoning, and potential therapeutic approaches taking into account previous experience in developing antidotes for paraquat, a more toxic bipyridinium herbicide.

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“…As técnicas de grande desempenho como a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e a cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa, possuem um custo elevado para a realidade econômica dos laboratórios forenses, por outro lado a metodologia colorimétrica é mais acessível. Em virtude da grande incidência de intoxicações com o herbicida Paraquat, selecionamos uma técnica colorimétrica que nos permite identificar e quantificar este herbicida 3 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Proposta Para Utilização De Um Método Colorimétrico Na Identificação E Quantificação Do Herbicida Paraquat, Seguindo Os Passos Da Validação Metodológica. I Parte

Gabriel¹,

Gabriel²,

Lopes³

et al. 2002

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A validação metodológica nas análises toxicológicas tem por objetivo, fornecer maior segurança, credibilidade e assegurar qualidade no trabalho analítico, proporcionando a obtenção de resultados mais confiáveis. A criação de um protocolo de validação de métodos prevê três etapas que são o delineamento experimental, a padronização analítica e o controle de qualidade dos resultados. Este trabalho visa apresentar a primeira etapa do protocolo de validação de métodos é o delineamento experimental, onde inclui a adequação da metodologia às condições laboratoriais, os estudos relativos às propriedades fisico-químicas e os dados toxicocinéticos da substância emestudo. Sendo o Paraná umestado agrícola é de grande importância metodologias acessíveis uma vez que a metodologia proposta é mais simples que a cromatografia líquida e a cromatografia gasosa. PROPOSITION FOR THE USE OF A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF PARAQUAT, ACCORDING TO THE STEPS OF VALIDATION METHODOLOGY. I PART Abstract The main purpose of method validation in toxicological analysis is to provide assurance, credibility and guarantee quality to the analytical procedure. The development of a validation protocol comprehends three stages, which are the experimental draft, the analytical standardization and the quality control of the results. This paper presents the first stage of the validation protocol, proposed above, including in it, the method adjustment to the laboratorys work conditions, paraquats physicochemical properties and its toxicokinetic data. Acessible analytical methodilogies are very important, and the one presented in this paper is more simple than HPLC and CG.

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Extraction and quantitation of paraquat and diquat from blood

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Extraction of Parquat from Blood by Clinoptilolite

Extraction of Parquat from Blood by Clinoptilolite

Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment

Proposta Para Utilização De Um Método Colorimétrico Na Identificação E Quantificação Do Herbicida Paraquat, Seguindo Os Passos Da Validação Metodológica. I Parte

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