Extraction and encapsulation of bioactive compounds: A review

Abstract

The purposes of this article are to address the different bioactive compounds present in plant matrices, emphasizing the importance in choosing the extraction method in the yield and quality of extracted compounds, using techniques to determine antioxidant activity. As well as to expose the main mathematical models used in the kinetic study for process optimization and the influence of encapsulation on the conservation of bioactive compounds. Bioactive compounds are chemical molecules that have medicinal properties, acting in the prevention of diseases. The wide variety of bioactive compounds present in plants determines their characteristics, and the different combinations of these phytochemicals confer the particularities of each matrix. The extraction of compounds is extremely important, due to their industrial applications, being widely used in the production of food, supplements, cosmetics, and medicines, as ingredients or additives of these products. It was observed that new technologies are able to improve extraction efficiency obtaining higher yields and antioxidant activity than conventional methods. To obtain the extraction mechanism, aiming at optimizing time, several empirical kinetic models are used. The employability of mathematical models helps in the kinetic extraction profile, verifying the extraction profile of antioxidant compounds. Among these models, Hyperbolic was the one that best adapted to the studies performed. Then, for the preservation of the bioactive compounds obtained in the extraction process, encapsulation is carried out. This process prevents the degradation of compounds caused by external conditions such as light, heat, humidity, and increase in desirable properties, decreasing the evaporation of trapped active agents.

Ultrasound-Assisted Encapsulation of Phytochemicals for Food Applications: A Review

“…Encapsulation can be defined as the method through which a substance is confined in a matrix, resulting in a system with a "core" and a "shell" (also known as an encapsulant) [8,28]. These capsules can range from a few nm (nanoencapsulation) to several hundred µm (microencapsulation) in size [32,33]. Furthermore, capsule morphologies can vary greatly depending on the core and shell materials, as well as on the encapsulation technique employed (Figure 1) [28,34].…”

“…Furthermore, capsule morphologies can vary greatly depending on the core and shell materials, as well as on the encapsulation technique employed (Figure 1) [28,34]. Other important characteristics, such as size distribution, stability, and crystallinity, are also dependent on these variables [33]. In order to incorporate phytochemicals into food products, an extraction procedure must first be performed, and numerous studies have focused on developing adequate extraction methods [2,8,24,25], which will not be addressed in the present study.…”

“…Furthermore, capsule morphologies can vary greatly depending on the core and shell materials, as well as on the encapsulation technique employed (Figure 1) [28,34]. Other important characteristics, such as size distribution, stability, and crystallinity, are also dependent on these variables [33]. Examples of capsule morphologies that can be obtained through different encapsulation techniques, and particle types that can be produced with these morphologies.…”

Optimization of extraction of bioactive compounds with antiproliferative activity from goji berry and assessment of kinetic models

“…[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] In addition to the solvent, other factors may influence the quality and yield of the extract, such as method, temperature and extraction time. 13,[22][23][24] High times and temperatures contribute to mass transfer and decrease viscosity by improving extraction, but may cause degradation of compounds. [25][26][27] Because of these factors, the study of mathematical models has been used for this process, aiming to predict kinetic extraction profiles and optimize the processing time.…”

“…In addition to the solvent, other factors may influence the quality and yield of the extract, such as method, temperature and extraction time 13,22‐24 . High times and temperatures contribute to mass transfer and decrease viscosity by improving extraction, but may cause degradation of compounds 25‐27 …”