Extraction and determination of trace amounts of chlorpromazine in biological fluids using magnetic solid phase extraction followed by HPLC

Abstract

A simple, rapid and sensitive method termed as magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) has been proposed for the determination of trace amounts of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in water, urine and plasma samples. The separation and determination was performed on a C18 column under the optimal chromatographic conditions. Several factors influencing the extraction efficiency of CPZ, such as pH, surfactant and adsorbent amounts, ionic strength, extraction time, sample volume and desorption conditions, were studied and optimized. Under the optimal MSPE conditions, the extraction percentage of CPZ was 74%, 27% and 16% in water, urine and plasma samples, respectively. The limits of detection (LODs) of the proposed approach were 0.1, 5.0 and 10 ng/mL in water, urine and plasma samples, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) based on five replicate determinations at 10 ng/mL level of CPZ was 1.2%. Good linear behaviors over the investigated concentration ranges (0.25–300 ng/mL) with good coefficient of determination, R2>0.9998, were obtained. Good spike recoveries with relative errors less than 9.0% were obtained when applying the proposed method to water, urine and plasma samples.

Extraction of ammonia and nitrite using modified magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles before spectrophotometric determination in different water samples

“…Moreover, pH is one of the factors influencing the adsorption behaviour of mixed-hemimicelles system due to the change of the charge density on the MNPs surface [32,34,37]. The effect of pH on the adsorption of indophenol dye was investigated in the range between 6.0 and 12.5 using 0.1 M HCl or NaOH solution for pH adjustment.…”

“…In mixed-hemimicelles phase, the adsorption is driven by both hydrophobic interactions and electrostatic attraction because of the formation of hemimicelles and admicelles on the surface of mineral oxides and below and above the critical micelles concentration (CMC) [28,29,32,37]. In this study, CTAB was added to the solution at concentrations lower than its CMC to modify the surface of Fe 3 O 4 NPs.…”

“…The hydrophobic layers on the surface of MNPs provide suitable conditions for non-polar components to interact with MNPs [2]. This magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method based on mixed-hemimicelles assemblies (hemimicelles/admicelles) has been used for the extraction and preconcentration of a variety of inorganic [2,11,[23][24][25][26][27] and organic [22,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] compounds from various matrices.…”

Characterization of seven psychoactive pharmaceuticals as N‐nitrosodimethylamine precursors during free chlorine and chlorine dioxide chlorination processes

“…In the present study, seven widely used psychoactive drugs were selected containing a DMA functional group and detected in wastewater at concentrations from ng L −1 to µg L −1 . Their names and chemical structures are summarized in Table . The NDMA formation potentials of these psychoactive drugs were assessed during free chlorine (NaOCl) and chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) disinfection processes.…”

“…2,4,[18][19][20] Their names and chemical structures are summarized in Table 1. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] The NDMA formation potentials of these psychoactive drugs were assessed during free chlorine (NaOCl) and chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) disinfection processes. The influence of several parameters (i.e.…”