Extraction and chemical analysis of interstitial water from soils and rocks

Kinniburgh, D.G.; Miles, Douglas L.

doi:10.1021/es00112a011

Cited by 144 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Each sample consisted of ~1.5 kg of a bulked sample from five 10 sub-samples collected at the corners and the centre of a 5 m 2 grid. A portion of soil was used to extract > 30mL pore water using quartz filters and following the centrifugation method of Kinniburgh and Miles 42 . Pore waters were filtered and kept for further analysis of non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC), major 15 and trace elements, major anions and pH.…”

Section: Soil and Soil Pore Water Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lability, solubility and speciation of Cd, Pb and Zn in alluvial soils of the River Trent catchment UK

Izquierdo

Tye

Chenery

2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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5Alluvial soils can store a wide range of metal contaminants originating from point and diffuse sources. The biological health of these soils is important as they act as an interface between terrestrial and aquatic environments, therefore playing an important role in maintaining the quality of surface waters. The aim of this work was to examine the lability, solubility and bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd in the top (0-15 cm) and sub soil (35-50 cm) of metal contaminated alluvial soils from the Trent catchment, U.K. Samples 10 (n=46) were collected from within 10m of the river bank. Sources of contamination include historical mining, industry, sewage treatment works and energy production. Enrichment factors based on total metal concentrations showed that contamination in soils declined with distance from the mining areas before rising again as a result of general urbanisation and identified point sources (e.g. river dredging activities). Pore waters were extracted and isotopic dilution and single extraction assays were undertaken on the soils 15 to assess the lability and solubility of the metals. Multi-element isotopic dilution assays were used to determine the labile pool or E-value of these metals in the soil. E-value concentrations were found to range between 0.5-14 mg/kg, 11-350 mg/kg and 25-594 mg/kg for Cd, Pb and Zn, respectively. Comparison of the E-value assay with the EU standard extraction assay for trace element availability (0.05M EDTA) showed that EDTA extractions generally over-estimated the E-value for Zn and Pb,with 20 the difference being greater as contamination levels increased. Bioavailability of the metals was assessed by speciating the pore waters [M Sol ] using WHAM 7 to obtain estimates of free ion activities (M 2+ ). Values of (M 2+ ) were compared to published 'median critical limits' for soils that estimate levels of protection for 95% of biological species. For each of the three metals, (M 2+ ) was found to exceed these critical limits at some sites. Solubility of the metals are reported using K d values expressed using both the 25 total and E-value as the solid phase. Finally we examine the use of different metal pools (total, E-value, EDTA-extractable) and different measures of Fe oxide pools (total, free total, free amorphous), in predicting [M Sol ] concentrations and (M 2+ ) using WHAM 7 in assemblage modelling mode. Overall best simultaneous model predictions for the three metals were obtained using the E-values. Larger overestimates of [M Sol ] and (M 2+ ) were produced using the EDTA and total metal pools whereas a better 30 fitting in the prediction was obtained when models used either the total or the free total FeOx pools. IntroductionAlluvial soils act as archives for fluvially dispersed metal contaminants from numerous sources [1][2][3][4][5] . These soils are often used in intensive agricultural systems. Several studies in the UK 35 have previously noted the potential for metal transfer into cattle, when grazing grass grown on contaminated alluvial soils [6][7] . In a...

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Section: Soil and Soil Pore Water Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lability, solubility and speciation of Cd, Pb and Zn in alluvial soils of the River Trent catchment UK

Izquierdo

Tye

Chenery

2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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“…All analyses were blank corrected and detection limits defined as 6 times the standard deviation of the blank. Nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH 4 -N), and Cl were determined using standard Auto Analyser II colorimetric methods (Kinniburgh and Miles, 1983) on the filtered, unacidified water fraction. Nitrate-nitrogen was determined by the cadmium column reduction method since the high dissolved organic carbon content of the samples can cause suppression of the baseline when the hydrazine/copper reduction method is used.…”

Section: Soil Characterisation and Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A field study to assess the degradation and transport of diuron and its metabolites in a calcareous soil

Gooddy

Chilton

Harrison

2002

Science of The Total Environment

104

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An experimental plot has been established on a calcareous soil in southern England to investigate the fate and transport of diuron (N'-[3,4-dichlorophenyl]-N,N-dimethylurea), a commonly used phenylurea herbicide. An agricultural grade of diuron was applied to the soil surface at a rate of 6.7 kg/ha along with a potassium bromide conservative tracer applied at 200 kg/ha in early January 2001. Hand augured samples were taken at regular intervals over the next 50 days with samples collected down to 54 cm. Porewaters were extracted from the soil cores by using high speed centrifugation and the supernatant fluids were retained for analysis by HPLC for diuron and three of its metabolites, N'- [3,, N'-3,4-dichlorophenylurea (DCPU) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA). The centrifuged soil was retained and then extracted with methanol prior to HPLC analysis for the same suite of phenylureas. A mass balance approach showed large variations in diuron distribution but on average accounted for 104% of the diuron applied. Concentrations of diuron and its metabolites were roughly five times higher in the soil than in the soil porewaters. After 50 days metabolites comprised 10% of the total diuron present in the porewater and 20% of the total diuron sorbed to the soil matrix. After 36 days a large pulse of diuron and DCPMU appeared in the porewaters and soil matrix at a depth of 54 cm, travelling an average of 0.15 cm/d faster than Br. A preferential route for diuron transport is suggested. There is evidence to suggest that degradation occurs at depth as well as at the soil surface. Metabolites generally appear to move more slowly than the parent compound. All metabolites were encountered but interpreting transport and degradation processes simultaneously proved beyond the scope of the study. Diuron was detected once in a shallow (5 m) observation well situated on the experimental plot. High concentrations of diuron and metabolites were still present in the soil and soil solutions after 50 days and remain as a source of potential groundwater contamination.

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“…With the assumption that every centrifugation speed represents a certain pore size and the represented pore size decreases with increasing centrifugation speed [51], it can be concluded that the pore size distribution changed significantly during peat hydration. This change was slow and takes place in two phases.…”

Section: Water Distribution Versus Centrifugation Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first phase started very soon after water addition and lasted for more than two days. It was characterised by the decrease of the number of very large pores (> 50 m) represented by centrifugation speeds of 500RPM and the evolution of medium-sized pores 50 -10 m [51], represented by centrifugation speeds of up to 1000 RPM. The second phase started anytime after the first two days of hydration and resulted in the ongoing evolution of medium-sized pores 50 -10 m as well as of small-sized pores 10 -1 m [51], represented by centrifugation speeds of 1000 -4000 RPM.…”

Section: Water Distribution Versus Centrifugation Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proton NMR Relaxometry as a Useful Tool to Evaluate Swelling Processes in Peat Soils~!2009-07-26~!2009-12-04~!2010-06-15~!

Jaeger¹,

Shchegolikhina²,

As³

et al. 2010

TOMRJ

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Dramatic physical and physico-chemical changes in soil properties may arise due to temperature and moisture variations as well as swelling of soil organic matter (SOM) under constant conditions. Soil property variations may influence sorption/desorption and transport processes of environmental contaminants and nutrients in natural-organic-matterrich soils. Notwithstanding the studies reported in literature, a mechanistic model for SOM swelling is unavailable yet. The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the swelling of peat soils, considered as SOM models, by 1 H NMR relaxometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Namely, information on the processes governing physical and physicochemical changes of peat during re-hydration were collected. The basic hypothesis of the present study was that the changes are slow and may affect water state as well as amounts of different water types into the peats. For this reason, such changes can be evidenced through the variations of mobility and thermal behaviour of the involved H 2 O molecules by using 1 H NMR relaxometry and DSC. According to the experimental results, a mechanistic model, describing the fundamental processes of peat swelling, was obtained. Two different peats re-wetted at three temperatures were used. The swelling process was monitored by measuring spin-spin relaxation time (T2) over a hydration time of several months. Moreover, DSC, T1 -T2 and T2 -D correlation measurements were done at the beginning and at the end of the hydration. Supplementary investigations were also done in order to discriminate between the swelling effects and the contributions from soil solution, internal magnetic field gradients and/or soil microorganisms to proton relaxation. All the results revealed peat swelling. It was evidenced by pore size distribution changes, volumetric expansion and redistribution of water, increasing amounts of nonfreezable and loosely bound water, as well as formation of gel phases and reduction of the translational and rotational mobility of H 2 O molecules. All the findings implied that changes of the physical and physicochemical properties of peats were obtained. In particular, three different processes having activation energies comprised in the interval 5 -50 kJ mol -1 were revealed. The mechanistic model which was, then, developed included water reorientation in bound water phases, water diffusion into the peat matrix and reorientation of SOM chains as fundamental processes governing SOM swelling. This study is of environmental significance in terms of re-naturation and re-watering of commercially applied peatlands and of sorption/desorption and transport processes of pollutants and nutrients in natural organic matter rich soils.

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Extraction and chemical analysis of interstitial water from soils and rocks

Cited by 144 publications

References 12 publications

Lability, solubility and speciation of Cd, Pb and Zn in alluvial soils of the River Trent catchment UK

Lability, solubility and speciation of Cd, Pb and Zn in alluvial soils of the River Trent catchment UK

A field study to assess the degradation and transport of diuron and its metabolites in a calcareous soil

Proton NMR Relaxometry as a Useful Tool to Evaluate Swelling Processes in Peat Soils~!2009-07-26~!2009-12-04~!2010-06-15~!

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