Extraction and Analysis of the Major Carotenoids of Agro-Industrial Waste Materials Using Sequential Extraction Techniques and High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to develop sequential extraction procedures for the major carotenoids -beta-carotene and lycopene from agro-industrial waste materials -tomato skin, tangerine and orange peels using the ultrasound-assisted extraction and the supercritical fluid extraction techniques. A rapid, effective and selective high performance liquid chromatographic method for quantitative determination of beta-carotene and lycopene in organic extracts solutions was developed and validated with respect to robustness, specificity, linearity-range, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) as well. The effect of the operating pressure, the temperature, the extraction time, the flow rate of supercritical fluid, the sample size, the ultrasound power and the solvent nature used was investigated. The optimal conditions for extraction were found. The LOD and the LOQ are 0.0081µg/mL and 0.00405 µg/mL for beta-carotene, 0.034 µg/mL and 0.0085 µg/mL for lycopene, respectively. No interference was observed. The content of betacarotene per 1 g of dried agro-industrial waste material varies 8.39 -12.75 µg (tomato skin), 25.65 -32.18 µg (tangerine peel), 41.66 -59.16 µg (orange peel) and the content of lycopene -165.11 -179.56 µg (tomato skin), 11.12 -17.91 µg (tangerine peel), 8.37 -10.65 µg (orange peel).

Extraction and analysis of oleanolic acid and ursolic acid from apple processing waste materials using ultrasound-assisted extraction technique combined with high performance liquid chromatography

“…The UAE methods for obtaining other valuable natural bioactive compounds were developed and validated in the previous reports by the authors. [51][52][53] The chromatographic analysis was performed using LC-20AD Prominence Shimadzu HPLC System (Japan). Analytical balance ALX-210 (USA) and pH-meter Hanna Instruments HI 2211 (USA) were used for preparation of solutions.…”

“…The developed HPLC method was validated with respect to the following validation parameters: standard solution stability study, system suitability test (SST), specificity, linearity-range, precision, accuracy and sensitivity according to ICH Q(2) guideline 54 and the appropriate methodologies reported by the authors. [51][52][53][55][56][57] Microsoft Excel 2016 was used for statistical assessment and regression analysis.…”

Development of β‐carotene loaded nanoemulsion using the industrial waste of orange (Citrus reticulate) peel to improve in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and use as natural food colorant

“…The samples were prepared according to the method used for BC extraction described above. The 2ml of C. reticulate peel extract was dried in an amber flask under nitrogen flow and then the dry extract was diluted with 100μL of acetone in a vortex mixer for HPLC analysis (Rubashvili et al, 2018). Determination of BC was done according to the formula:…”

Development and Validation of Quantitative Determination HPLC Methods of the Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics - Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride and Norfloxacin in Support of Adsorption Study on Natural Zeolites

“…The developed HPLC methods were validated with respect to robustness (standard solution stability, PVDF membrane filter compatibility test, critical factors effect study using design of experiments -DoE) system suitability test (SST), specificity, linearity-range, precision, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) according to methodologies [19][20][21] and ICH Q2 guideline requirements [22]. Microsoft Excel was used for statistical assessment and graphical analysis.…”

“…Where, C 1 -the concentration of each FQ antibiotic obtained with the spiked sample solution, mg/mL, C 2 -the concentration of each FQ antibiotic obtained with the effluent sample solution, mg/mL and C s -the concentration of each FQ antibiotic obtained with a standard solution, mg/mL [19][20][21]. The results of the recovery are given in Table 6 which is well within the usually accepted limits indicating the accuracy of both methods.…”