Extracting Robust Keys from NAND Flash Physical Unclonable Functions

Jia, Shaofeng; Xia, Luning; Wang, Zhan; Lin, Jingqiang; Zhang, Guozhu; Ji, Yafei

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-23318-5_24

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Due to flash modules taking more than a single clock cycle to execute either a program or erase, a "RESET" command can be issued to interrupt the execution of the program/erase through the standard flash interface. This interrupts the programming to allow for flash cells to be partially programmed or erased and to put into intermediate states that can allow other, less noticeable process variations to flip the logical values of flash cells [46].…”

Section: Program/erase Interruptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After Wang et al [53], Jia et al [46] used a technique in a very similar manner to the proposed method in [53]. They added two post-processing techniques, "Bit Mapping" and "Position Mapping", to extremely enhance bit reliability with error rates less than 10 −6 , allowing for processed outputs to be used as cryptographic keys with high fidelity.…”

Section: First Phase Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This enhanced the work from Wang et al [53] and allowed for more reliable responses on PUFs extracted from program disturb or partial programming. Similar to the previous papers, Jia et al [46] do not deeply consider the hackability of their constructions and do not consider voltage, temperature, or modeling attacks.…”

Section: First Phase Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This first phase resulted in some of the first flash PUFs and their proofs of concept; however, it is characterized by implementations that have practical implementation drawbacks. This is because the PUFs solely relied on a single process variation in [11,46,53,54] or they lacked detailed analysis of the hackability of their constructions [46,54]. This is primarily due to the novelty of flash PUFs.…”

Section: First Phase Of Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In more detail, TRNGs in [3,49,57] extended flash TRNGs to be applicable to other forms of non-volatile memory, to high-performance flash modules, and mix multiple flash programming styles to increase throughput. Flash PUFs in [45,46,54] also provide higher throughput, PUF tunability, and great aging resistance by combining existing programming styles to extract process variations. Further characterizing process variations sources and combining multiple programming styles can significantly enhance PUF and TRNG constructions.…”

Section: Enhancing Existing 2d Flash Memory Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flash-Based Security Primitives: Evolution, Challenges and Future Directions

et al. 2021

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Over the last two decades, hardware security has gained increasing attention in academia and industry. Flash memory has been given a spotlight in recent years, with the question of whether or not it can prove useful in a security role. Because of inherent process variation in the characteristics of flash memory modules, they can provide a unique fingerprint for a device and have thus been proposed as locations for hardware security primitives. These primitives include physical unclonable functions (PUFs), true random number generators (TRNGs), and integrated circuit (IC) counterfeit detection. In this paper, we evaluate the efficacy of flash memory-based security primitives and categorize them based on the process variations they exploit, as well as other features. We also compare and evaluate flash-based security primitives in order to identify drawbacks and essential design considerations. Finally, we describe new directions, challenges of research, and possible security vulnerabilities for flash-based security primitives that we believe would benefit from further exploration.

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Section: Program/erase Interruptmentioning

confidence: 99%