Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Ameliorates Streptozotocin-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and High-Fat Diet-Induced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Mice

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by either destruction of pancreatic β-cells (type 1 DM) or unresponsiveness to insulin (type 2 DM). Conventional therapies for diabetes mellitus have been developed but still needs improvement. Many diabetic patients have complemented conventional therapy with alternative methods including oral supplementation of natural products. In this study, we assessed whether Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) 761 could provide beneficial effects in the streptozotocin-induced type 1 DM and high-fat diet-induced type 2 DM murine model system. For the type 1 DM model, streptozotocin-induced mice were orally administered EGb 761 for 10 days prior to streptozotocin injection and then again administered EGb 761 for an additional 10 days. Streptozotocin-treated mice administered EGb 761 exhibited lower blood triglyceride levels, lower blood glucose levels and higher blood insulin levels compared to streptozotocin-treated mice. Furthermore, liver LPL and liver PPAR-α were increased whereas IL-1β and TNF-α were decreased in streptozotocin-injected mice treated with EGb 761 compared to mice injected with streptozotocin alone. For the type 2 DM model, mice were given high-fat diet for 60 days and then orally administered EGb 761 every other day for 80 days. We found that mice given a high-fat diet and EGb 761 showed decreased blood triglyceride levels, increased liver LPL, increased liver PPAR-α and decreased body weight compared to mice given high-fat diet alone. These results suggest that EGb 761 can exert protective effects in both type 1 and type 2 DM murine models.

Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract Protects against Myocardial Injury via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic ApoE−/− Mice

“…Cheng et al [ 9 ] showed that GBE restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver and pancreas of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Other studies showed that GBE could alleviate STZ-induced pancreatic damage in mice via inhibition of pancreatic inflammation and expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 β , TNF- α , and IL-6 [ 10 , 33 ]. The decrease in the serum levels of IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α by GBE treatment in our study suggested that the hypoglycemic effects were partly attributable to the inhibition of inflammation.…”

“…GBE was shown to exhibit antioxidant, free radical scavenging and membrane-stabilizing activities, which contributed to its beneficial effects in ischemia/reperfusion injury in a diabetic rat myocardium [ 8 ]. In addition, it showed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in the pancreas of streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic animals [ 9 , 10 ]. Moreover, GBE enhanced insulin sensitivity and prevented insulin resistance by increasing insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation and insulin receptor substrate 1 expression [ 11 ].…”

Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Diseases Related to Oxidative Stress

“…[38], the administration of EGB761 in mice with inducted DM2 resulted in the reduction of glycemia in a very significant way and reduced the levels of urea and creatinine in comparison to diabetic mice that were not treated. The work of Rhee et al [39] induced type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and DM2 in mice and showed that the use of EGB761 reduced glycemia and levels of insulin. They also showed higher levels of hepatic lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor alpha (PPAR-α), while Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β) and the TNF-α were reduced.…”

Anti-inflammatory Effects of the Natural Compounds Cortex Phellodendri and Humulus japonicus on Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Mice

“…Lysates were clarified by 12,000 rpm centrifugation at 4 ºC for 20 min. Proteins were electrophoresed, transferred to nitrocellulose membranes and probed overnight with specific antibodies against β-actin , IL-1β, or TNF-α, as described previously 15 . Immunoblots were washed extensively and probed with the appropriate horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies.…”