Extracranial venous stenosis is an unlikely cause of multiple sclerosis

Abstract

We conclude that EVS is an unlikely cause of MS since it is not present in most patients early in the disease and rarely involves more than one extracranial vein. It is likely to be a late secondary phenomenon.

Intra- and Extraluminal Structural and Functional Venous Anomalies in Multiple Sclerosis, as Evidenced by 2 Noninvasive Imaging Techniques

“…5,16 It could be hypothesized that collaterals develop as a compensatory mechanism for the presence of intraluminal structural flow abnormalities; and when their compensatory ability is overcome, extraluminal abnormalities begin to develop. This theory is supported by recent work of Yamout at al, 14 who performed CV on 42 patients with MS in various phases of the disease (at onset and after 5 and 10 years) and found that extracranial venous stenosis was very rare at onset but became more frequent in subjects with longer MS duration. We considered the use of DS for visualizing collaterals; however, due to Doppler inability to follow the complete course of the collateral vein, we were unable to identify the vein with 100% accuracy.…”

“…[1][2][3][4] Recently, a condition called CCSVI was found with high frequency in patients with MS. 5 CCSVI presupposes that MS is associated with impaired venous drainage from the brain to the periphery due to venous anomalies in major extracranial neck and azygos veins. 5 Recent studies by using extra-and transcranial DS, [6][7][8][9][10] phase-contrast and contrast-enhanced MRV, [11][12][13] or CV 14,15 failed to confirm the high frequency of abnormal cerebral venous outflow in patients with MS versus HCs, as originally reported. 5 Previous CV studies in MS 5,[14][15][16] proposed that the extracranial venous anomalies are likely to be truncular venous malformations characterized by intraluminal defects (such as flaps, webs, septa, membranes, and malformed valves) or by extraluminal abnormalities represented by stenoses of the venous wall.…”

Association between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis

“…Another study, which used angiography in 42 patients with multiple sclerosis, found stenosis of the jugular or azygos vein in 9% (1/11) of patients with clinically isolated syndrome, 33% (6/18) of those with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and 89% (12/13) of those with late multiple sclerosis (average duration 14 years). 19 These observations are not definitive, and further research examining the link between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and duration of multiple sclerosis is needed.…”

Assessment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency among Iraqi multiple sclerosis patients by Echo color Doppler sonography

“…The hypothesis of CCSVI was tested by different studies using extra and transcranial sonography [33] others by using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging and contrastenhanced magnetic resonance angiography [34], Yamout et al studied CCSVIs by using selective venography [21]. This study intended to replicate the data presented by Zamboni et al [5], using exactly the same sonography protocol, with double-blinded controlled study design.…”

“…Echo colored Doppler was widely used to assess CCSVI in MS [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) have been used with less sensitivity in detecting intraluminal jugular defects [19,20] while venography was used by Yamout et al [21]. Our study conducted to assess any possible association between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiencies among Iraqi MS patients by using high resolution color Doppler sonography…”