Extracranial carotid localized fibromuscular dysplasia: A case report and literature review

Abstract

Background: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory and nonatherosclerotic arteriopathy that is characterized by irregular cellular proliferation and deformed construction of the arterial wall that causes segmentation, constriction, or aneurysm in the intermediate-sized arteries. The incidence of FMD is 0.42–3.4%, and the unilateral occurrence is even rarer. Herein, we report a rare case of a localized extracranial carotid unilateral FMD associated with recurrent transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) treated by extracranial-intracranial bypass for indirect revascularization. The specific localization of the disease rendered our case unique. Methods: We conducted a review of the PubMed Medline database search using the following combined formula: ((FMD [Title/Abstract]) AND ((isolated [Title/Abstract]) OR (localized [Title/Abstract]))) AND Internal carotid artery (ICA) (Title/Abstract). Additional resources were included by screening the reference list of the selected papers. Results: A total of six cases were found, and all accounted for localized FMD affecting the ICA. The age range was between 19 and 52, the male-to-female ratio was (2:4), and all of the cases consisted of unilateral carotid FMD, mainly on the left side with a left-to-right ratio of 5:1. The management and outcome of these cases varied according to the case and associated complications. Conclusion: Extracranial localized FMD of the ICA is a rare subtype of FMD that has little documentation in the literature. In our case, it was a localized extracranial carotid unilateral FMD associated with recurrent TIAs. The appropriate treatment was using the intracranial-extracranial bypass.

Academic productivity of Iraqi medical students in the field of neurosurgery: A literature review

“…Table 1 shows the productivity of Iraqi medical students with their publications' number and type of authorship. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]28,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][39][40][41][42][43][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]…”

“…Mustafa Ismail [2][3][4]6,7,9,12,16,24,32,[48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]58,59,72] 22 9 first author\13 co-author Aktham O. Al-Khafaji [2,5,9,10,15,19,23,31,34,37,41,45,52,53,56] 15 3 first author\12 co-author Saja A. Albanaa [10,20,21,22,35,37,39,40,42,43,46] 11 1 first author\10 co-author Teeba A. Adnan [2,4,6,7,…”