Extracorporeal shockwave treatment impedes tooth movement in rats

Abstract

BackgroundAccelerated tooth movement has been a topic of interest for orthodontic research recently. Surgically facilitated orthodontic treatment has been shown to be an effective approach to accelerate tooth movement; however, it remains invasive, requires additional surgery, and may increase post-operative complications. In this study, we evaluate the effects of extracorporeal shockwave treatment (ESWT), a non-invasive approach to regenerate alveolar bone, on orthodontic tooth movement in rats.Materials and methodsSeventy-two male rats, aged 10 weeks old, were subjected to 10-cN closed-coil nickel-titanium springs for unilateral maxillary first molar tooth movement. One group of rats received a single treatment of extracorporeal shockwave treatment at 500 impulses at energy flux density 0.1 mJ/mm2, with a pulse rate of 5 pulses per second immediately after spring installation while the non-ESWT-treated group served as a control group. The rats were sacrificed at day 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 for tooth movement evaluation and sample analyses. Faxitron radiography, histological, double bone labeling and gene expression analyses were performed. Serum biochemistry was evaluated at day 3, 7 and 28 of the study. Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance was used to determine the mean difference among groups, and multiple comparisons were analyzed by Mann-Whitney-U tests with a significance level = 0.05.ResultsThe results demonstrated that tooth movement in the ESWT-treated rats (0.11 ± 0.07 mm) was impeded compared to the tooth movement in the non-ESWT-treated rats (0.44 ± 0.09 mm). ESWT up-regulated several osteoblastic and osteoclastic gene markers and cytokines; however, the effects on osteoclasts were only transient. Double-fluorescence bone labeling demonstrated that osteoblastic activity increased after ESWT treatment. There was no difference in systemic RANKL/OPG ratio between groups.ConclusionsESWT at 500 impulse at energy flux density 0.1 mJ/mm2 increased osteoblast and osteoclast activities and imbalanced bone remodeling resulting in impeded tooth movement in rats.

Dose-related effects of extracorporeal shock waves on orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits

“…In recent years, innovative approaches have been developed to shorten long treatment processes, which are considered the biggest disadvantage of orthodontic treatments. Although ESW application is one of these approaches, studies focusing on it are limited 10,11,[14][15][16]21 , and not all of the variables have been investigated to determine their effect on OTM. Thus, in this study, the effects of different components of ESW application, such as impulse number and application area for OTM, were investigated, and the biochemical and stereological findings as well as OTM were evaluated.…”

“…Additionally, in an experimental rat study, a single application of ESWT of 500 focused impulses was applied at an energy flux density of 0.1 mj/mm 2 with a pulse rate of 5 pulses per second at the time that tooth movement was initiated. This increased osteoblast and osteoclast activities and imbalanced bone remodelling, resulting in impeded tooth movement 21 . In experimental animal studies evaluating the effects of ESW on dentofacial tissues, 500 or 1000 focused or unfocused extracorporeal shock waves were usually applied at an energy flux density of 0.10-0.25 mJ/mm 2 with 5 pulses per second 10,16,21 .…”

“…This increased osteoblast and osteoclast activities and imbalanced bone remodelling, resulting in impeded tooth movement 21 . In experimental animal studies evaluating the effects of ESW on dentofacial tissues, 500 or 1000 focused or unfocused extracorporeal shock waves were usually applied at an energy flux density of 0.10-0.25 mJ/mm 2 with 5 pulses per second 10,16,21 . Therefore, 500 or 1000 focused or unfocused extracorporeal shock waves at an energy flux density of 0.19 mJ/mm 2 at 5 pulses per second were used in this study.…”

Applicazioni delle onde d’urto in odontoiatria: revisione narrativa

“…I primi, per un totale di tre, hanno valutato da un lato l'effetto battericida e la capacità di disgregazione della placca della ESWT e dall'altro l'influenza sull'espressione di alcune citochine [1,27,28] . Novak et al Disparati risultano essere invece i campi di applicazione analizzati mediante studi su animale, che vanno dall'ortodonzia alla distrazione osteogenica fino alla guarigione dei difetti ossei e alla rigenerazione dell'osso alveolare; allo stesso tempo, tuttavia, tutti questi lavori hanno come punto chiave la risposta del tessuto osseo [29][30][31][32][33][34] . In particolare, il gruppo di Hazan-Molina et al ha prodotto ben tre studi diversi in cui l'applicazione di onde d'urto veniva associata alla terapia ortodontica, con uno sguardo alla produzione di citochine.…”

“…Anche Atsawasuwan et al [32] in uno stu-dio più recente hanno valutato gli effetti delle onde d'urto sullo spostamento degli elementi dentali e sulla biologia ossea. In questo caso il movimento dei denti nei ratti trattati con ESWT era risultato sfavo-rito rispetto ai controlli non trattati.…”