Extracellular Vesicles: Roles in Human Viral Infections, Immune-Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Applications

Ipinmoroti, Ayodeji O.; Matthews, Qiana L.

doi:10.3390/pathogens9121056

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Consequently, EV production has been investigated as a potential tool for the development of improved viral infection diagnostics and therapeutics. In a recent review on EV–virus relationships, Ipinmoroti and Matthews [ 85 ] summarized the roles of EVs in pathophysiological pathways, immunomodulatory mechanisms, and utility for biomarker discovery. They also discussed the potential for EVs to be exploited as diagnostic and treatment tools for viral infection.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Optimization and Biological Significance of a 29-Host-Immune-mRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Acute Infections and Sepsis

He¹,

Wohlford²,

Uhle³

et al. 2021

JPM

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In response to the unmet need for timely accurate diagnosis and prognosis of acute infections and sepsis, host-immune-response-based tests are being developed to help clinicians make more informed decisions including prescribing antimicrobials, ordering additional diagnostics, and assigning level of care. One such test (InSep™, Inflammatix, Inc.) uses a 29-mRNA panel to determine the likelihood of bacterial infection, the separate likelihood of viral infection, and the risk of physiologic decompensation (severity of illness). The test, being implemented in a rapid point-of-care platform with a turnaround time of 30 min, enables accurate and rapid diagnostic use at the point of impact. In this report, we provide details on how the 29-biomarker signature was chosen and optimized, together with its molecular, immunological, and medical significance to better understand the pathophysiological relevance of altered gene expression in disease. We synthesize key results obtained from gene-level functional annotations, geneset-level enrichment analysis, pathway-level analysis, and gene-network-level upstream regulator analysis. Emerging findings are summarized as hallmarks on immune cell interaction, inflammatory mediators, cellular metabolism and homeostasis, immune receptors, intracellular signaling and antiviral response; and converging themes on neutrophil degranulation and activation involved in immune response, interferon, and other signaling pathways.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Optimization and Biological Significance of a 29-Host-Immune-mRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Acute Infections and Sepsis

He¹,

Wohlford²,

Uhle³

et al. 2021

JPM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, the same EVs might also work as a decoy for circulating SARS-CoV-2 [150], thus suggesting a potential role as therapeutic agents. The idea of using exosomes to interfere with viral infections is not novel [151], as well as the possibility to develop vaccination strategies based on EVs loaded with viral antigens/nucleic acids to stimulate antiviral immune responses, as it naturally occurs from infected cells. Finally, it must be mentioned that EVs can also transfer different miRNAs and even long non-coding RNAs that can affect viral spreading/pathogenesis as well as the host immune system [152][153][154].…”

Section: Escrt Machinery and Viral Replication Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Why Cells and Viruses Cannot Survive without an ESCRT

Calistri

Reale

Palù

et al. 2021

Cells

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Intracellular organelles enwrapped in membranes along with a complex network of vesicles trafficking in, out and inside the cellular environment are one of the main features of eukaryotic cells. Given their central role in cell life, compartmentalization and mechanisms allowing their maintenance despite continuous crosstalk among different organelles have been deeply investigated over the past years. Here, we review the multiple functions exerted by the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery in driving membrane remodeling and fission, as well as in repairing physiological and pathological membrane damages. In this way, ESCRT machinery enables different fundamental cellular processes, such as cell cytokinesis, biogenesis of organelles and vesicles, maintenance of nuclear–cytoplasmic compartmentalization, endolysosomal activity. Furthermore, we discuss some examples of how viruses, as obligate intracellular parasites, have evolved to hijack the ESCRT machinery or part of it to execute/optimize their replication cycle/infection. A special emphasis is given to the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) interaction with the ESCRT proteins, considering the peculiarities of this interplay and the need for HSV-1 to cross both the nuclear-cytoplasmic and the cytoplasmic-extracellular environment compartmentalization to egress from infected cells.

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“…One of the recent studies by Ipinmoroti and Matthews reports on using exosome vehicles for the spreading of some viruses. These vehicles contain only parts of nucleic acids and viral protein co-receptors, which facilitate the infection of surrounding cells [ 60 ]. However, the viral particles are not infectious right after exiting cells.…”

Section: Viral Life Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

Repurposing Cardiac Glycosides: Drugs for Heart Failure Surmounting Viruses

et al. 2021

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Drug repositioning is a successful approach in medicinal research. It significantly simplifies the long-term process of clinical drug evaluation, since the drug being tested has already been approved for another condition. One example of drug repositioning involves cardiac glycosides (CGs), which have, for a long time, been used in heart medicine. Moreover, it has been known for decades that CGs also have great potential in cancer treatment and, thus, many clinical trials now evaluate their anticancer potential. Interestingly, heart failure and cancer are not the only conditions for which CGs could be effectively used. In recent years, the antiviral potential of CGs has been extensively studied, and with the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, this interest in CGs has increased even more. Therefore, here, we present CGs as potent and promising antiviral compounds, which can interfere with almost any steps of the viral life cycle, except for the viral attachment to a host cell. In this review article, we summarize the reported data on this hot topic and discuss the mechanisms of antiviral action of CGs, with reference to the particular viral life cycle phase they interfere with.

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Extracellular Vesicles: Roles in Human Viral Infections, Immune-Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Applications

Cited by 40 publications

References 127 publications

The Optimization and Biological Significance of a 29-Host-Immune-mRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Acute Infections and Sepsis

The Optimization and Biological Significance of a 29-Host-Immune-mRNA Panel for the Diagnosis of Acute Infections and Sepsis

Why Cells and Viruses Cannot Survive without an ESCRT

Repurposing Cardiac Glycosides: Drugs for Heart Failure Surmounting Viruses

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