Extracellular Vesicles Regulated by Viruses and Antiviral Strategies

Yang, Li; Li, Jing; Шен, Ли; Dang, Wei; Xin, Shuyu; Long, Sijing; Zhang, Wentao; Cao, Pengfei; Lu, Jianhong

doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.722020

Cited by 19 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(159 reference statements)

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“…EVs contain a myriad of proteins, lipids, and genetic material and research has boomed since the discovery that cargo can be selectively packaged into vesicles and functional in a target cell [96][97][98][101][102][103]. Interestingly, several non-enveloped viruses have been shown to exploit EVs to aid in immune evasion, increase tissue tropism, and facilitate en bloc infections [14][15][16][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]. There is also evidence enveloped viruses use EV pathways to disseminate viral proteins to neighboring cells [110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121].…”

Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, several non-enveloped viruses have been shown to exploit EVs to aid in immune evasion, increase tissue tropism, and facilitate en bloc infections [14][15][16][104][105][106][107][108][109][110]. There is also evidence enveloped viruses use EV pathways to disseminate viral proteins to neighboring cells [110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]. This novel propagation of viral proteins and complete, infectious virus creates an obstacle to anti-viral therapeutics and treatments.…”

Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Enveloped viruses regularly use an assortment of EV related proteins to help in packaging, budding, and targeting during their life cycles [110]. For instance, several ESCRT related proteins are implicated in HIV budding and cytomegalovirus maturation [162][163][164], tetraspanins play a role in HIV, herpes simplex virus-1, and influenza virus infections [113,165,166], and β-coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 were recently shown to use secretory autophagy pathways for cellular escape [115].…”

Section: Virus-ev Biogenesis Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, several ESCRT related proteins are implicated in HIV budding and cytomegalovirus maturation [162][163][164], tetraspanins play a role in HIV, herpes simplex virus-1, and influenza virus infections [113,165,166], and β-coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 were recently shown to use secretory autophagy pathways for cellular escape [115]. Importantly, there are instances of viral proteins, mRNA, and microRNAs disseminated in EVs to uninfected cells [110,116,[118][119][120][167][168][169][170][171]. Many research groups are pushing to understand which EV biogenesis pathways are exploited by viruses and how viral cargo is packaged into EVs.…”

Section: Virus-ev Biogenesis Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection

Morris‐Love

Atwood

2022

Viruses

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JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a small non-enveloped virus that establishes lifelong, persistent infection in most of the adult population. Immune-competent patients are generally asymptomatic, but immune-compromised and immune-suppressed patients are at risk for the neurodegenerative disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Studies with purified JCPyV found it undergoes receptor-dependent infectious entry requiring both lactoseries tetrasaccharide C (LSTc) attachment and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 entry receptors. Subsequent work discovered the major targets of JCPyV infection in the central nervous system (oligodendrocytes and astrocytes) do not express the required attachment receptor at detectable levels, virus could not bind these cells in tissue sections, and viral quasi-species harboring recurrent mutations in the binding pocket for attachment. While several research groups found evidence JCPyV can use novel receptors for infection, it was also discovered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) can mediate receptor independent JCPyV infection. Recent work also found JCPyV associated EVs include both exosomes and secretory autophagosomes. EVs effectively present a means of immune evasion and increased tissue tropism that complicates viral studies and anti-viral therapeutics. This review focuses on JCPyV infection mechanisms and EV associated and outlines key areas of study necessary to understand the interplay between virus and extracellular vesicles.

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Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extracellular Vesiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Virus-ev Biogenesis Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Virus-ev Biogenesis Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection

Morris‐Love

Atwood

2022

Viruses

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“…On the one hand, some studies address how EVs are regulated by viruses, focusing on the composition and function of virus-regulated EVs, isolation methods of EVs in the context of virus infection, and prospective antiviral therapies based on EVs utilization. On the other side, researchers are looking at how viral components influence exosome synthesis, composition, and secretion [ 127 , 128 ]. In the context of maternal-embryonic communication, each of the viruses responsible for abortions in cattle (BVDV, BoHV, and FMDV) our knowledge is still incomplete.…”

Section: Challenges and Obstacles In Bovine Embryo-maternal Communica...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Embryo-Maternal Communication under Healthy Conditions or Viral Infections: Lessons from a Bovine Model

Calle

Ramírez

2022

Cells

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Bovine mesenchymal stem cells are a relevant cell population found in the maternal reproductive tract that exhibits the immunomodulation capacity required to prevent embryo rejection. The phenotypic plasticity showed by both endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSC) and embryonic trophoblast through mesenchymal to epithelial transition and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, respectively, is essential for embryo implantation. Embryonic trophoblast maintains active crosstalk via EVs and soluble proteins with eMSC and peripheral blood MSC (pbMSC) to ensure the retention of eMSC in case of pregnancy and induce the chemotaxis of pbMSC, critical for successful implantation. Early pregnancy-related proteins and angiogenic markers are detected as cargo in EVs and the soluble fraction of the embryonic trophectoderm secretome. The pattern of protein secretion in trophectoderm-EVs changes depending on their epithelial or mesenchymal phenotype and due to the uptake of MSC EVs. However, the changes in this EV-mediated communication between maternal and embryonic MSC populations infected by viruses that cause abortions in cattle are poorly understood. They are critical in the investigation of reproductive viral pathologies.

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Extracellular vesicle isolation methods identify distinct HIV‐1 particles released from chronically infected T‐cells

Molnar,

Kim,

Wieczorek

et al. 2024

J of Extracellular Vesicle

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The current study analyzed the intersecting biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of extracellular particles (EPs) with the human immunodeficiency virus type‐1 (HIV‐1) beyond the currently accepted size range for HIV‐1. We isolated five fractions (Frac‐A through Frac‐E) from HIV‐infected cells by sequential differential ultracentrifugation (DUC). All fractions showed a heterogeneous size distribution with median particle sizes greater than 100 nm for Frac‐A through Frac‐D but not for Frac‐E, which contained small EPs with an average size well below 50 nm. Synchronized and released cultures contained large infectious EPs in Frac‐A, with markers of amphisomes and viral components. Additionally, Frac‐E uniquely contained EPs positive for CD63, HSP70, and HIV‐1 proteins. Despite its small average size, Frac‐E contained membrane‐protected viral integrase, detectable only after SDS treatment, indicating that it is enclosed in vesicles. Single particle analysis with dSTORM further supported these findings as CD63, HIV‐1 integrase, and the viral surface envelope (Env) glycoprotein (gp) colocalized on the same Frac‐E particles. Surprisingly, Frac‐E EPs were infectious, and infectivity was significantly reduced by immunodepleting Frac‐E with anti‐CD63, indicating the presence of this protein on the surface of infectious small EPs in Frac‐E. To our knowledge, this is the first time that extracellular vesicle (EV) isolation methods have identified infectious small HIV‐1 particles (smHIV‐1) that are under 50 nm. Collectively, our data indicate that the crossroads between EPs and HIV‐1 potentially extend beyond the currently accepted biophysical properties of HIV‐1, which may have further implications for viral pathogenesis.

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Extracellular Vesicles Regulated by Viruses and Antiviral Strategies

Cited by 19 publications

References 113 publications

Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection

Complexities of JC Polyomavirus Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms of Infection

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Embryo-Maternal Communication under Healthy Conditions or Viral Infections: Lessons from a Bovine Model

Extracellular vesicle isolation methods identify distinct HIV‐1 particles released from chronically infected T‐cells

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