Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Spread and Antiviral Response

Bello-Morales, Raquel; Ripa, Inés; Löpez‐Guerrero, José Antonio

doi:10.3390/v12060623

Cited by 45 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 186 publications

(226 reference statements)

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“…The role of EV in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reviewed recently by Hassanpour et al [ 56 ] on the basis of their contribution to spread the virus, based on their role in transporting receptors as CD9 and ACE2, which make recipient cells susceptible to virus docking. It is also worth mentioning that EVs play important roles in the viral spread and replication [ 57 , 58 ], particularly of HIV, HCV and SARS [ 59 ], Newcastle disease virus [ 60 ], HPV [ 61 ], flavivirus infection [ 62 ], as well as in the pathogenicity of certain viruses in the nervous system [ 63 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein-Driven Mechanism of Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19

Estrada¹

2020

Medicine in Drug Discovery

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We propose a new plausible mechanism by mean of which SARS-CoV-2 produces extrapulmonary damages in severe COVID-19 patients. The mechanism consist on the existence of vulnerable proteins (VPs), which are (i) mainly expressed outside the lungs; (ii) their perturbations is known to produce human diseases; and (iii) can be perturbed directly or indirectly by SARS-CoV-2 proteins. These VPs are perturbed by other proteins, which are: (i) mainly expressed in the lungs, (ii) are targeted directly by SARS-CoV-2 proteins, (iii) can navigate outside the lungs as cargo of extracellular vesicles (EVs); and (iv) can activate VPs via subdiffusive processes inside the target organ. Using bioinformatic tools and mathematical modeling we identifies 26 VPs and their 38 perturbators, which predict extracellular damages in the immunologic endocrine, cardiovascular, circulatory, lymphatic, musculoskeletal, neurologic, dermatologic, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and metabolic systems, as well as in the eyes. The identification of these VPs and their perturbators allow us to identify 27 existing drugs which are candidates to be repurposed for treating extrapulmonary damage in severe COVID-19 patients. After removal of drugs having undesirable drug-drug interactions we select 7 drugs and one natural product: apabetalone, romidepsin, silmitasertib, ozanezumab, procaine, azacitidine, amlexanox, volociximab, and ellagic acid, whose combinations can palliate the organs and systems found to be damaged by COVID-19. We found that at least 4 drugs are needed to treat all the multiorgan damages, for instance: the combination of romidepsin, silmitasertib, apabetalone and azacitidine.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein-Driven Mechanism of Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19

Estrada¹

2020

Medicine in Drug Discovery

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“…This is most obvious with viruses, which are obligate intracellular pathogens. Under these conditions, EVs have been shown to: (i) act as viral decoys for immune recognition [ 39 ]; (ii) increase the breadth of viral virulence [ 40 , 41 ]; and (iii) potentially increase viral tropism [ 42 , 43 ] ( Figure 2 ). A fourth hypothetical scenario we propose here is the potential for viral EVs to act as pseudo-morphogen gradients for both immune and non-immune cell recruitment.…”

Section: The Emerging Role Of Evs In Viral–immune Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks

Yim

Hrout

Borgoni

et al. 2020

Cancers

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as potent and intricate intercellular communication networks. From their first discovery almost forty years ago, several studies have bolstered our understanding of these nano-vesicular structures. EV subpopulations are now characterized by differences in size, surface markers, cargo, and biological effects. Studies have highlighted the importance of EVs in biology and intercellular communication, particularly during immune and tumor interactions. These responses can be equally mediated at the proteomic and epigenomic levels through surface markers or nucleic acid cargo signaling, respectively. Following the exponential growth of EV studies in recent years, we herein synthesize new aspects of the emerging immune–tumor EV-based intercellular communications. We also discuss the potential role of EVs in fundamental immunological processes under physiological conditions, viral infections, and tumorigenic conditions. Finally, we provide insights on the future prospects of immune–tumor EVs and suggest potential avenues for the use of EVs in diagnostics and therapeutics.

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“…All subfamilies belonging to the Herpesviridae are known to exploit EVs during their viral cycle [158]. In this regard, the betaherpesvirus HHV6 can modify the molecular transport machinery in infected cells, and the exosome secretion pathway plays a significant role in its life cycle.…”

Section: Evs As Putative Means For Herpesvirus Spread With Relevance mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, the betaherpesvirus HHV6 can modify the molecular transport machinery in infected cells, and the exosome secretion pathway plays a significant role in its life cycle. Indeed, HHV6 virions are released via the exosomal pathway and, similarly, the human gammaherpesvirus EBV may exploit exosomes to enhance viral infection [158]. Participation of the alphaherpesvirus HSV-1 in secretion of EVs is widely accepted.…”

Section: Evs As Putative Means For Herpesvirus Spread With Relevance mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Demyelination of the Central Nervous System

López-Guerrero

Ripa

Andreu

et al. 2020

IJMS

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It is being increasingly demonstrated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are deeply involved in the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS). Processes such as synaptic activity, neuron-glia communication, myelination and immune response are modulated by EVs. Likewise, these vesicles may participate in many pathological processes, both as triggers of disease or, on the contrary, as mechanisms of repair. EVs play relevant roles in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s diseases, in viral infections of the CNS and in demyelinating pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS). This review describes the involvement of these membrane vesicles in major demyelinating diseases, including MS, neuromyelitis optica, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and demyelination associated to herpesviruses.

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Extracellular Vesicles in Viral Spread and Antiviral Response

Cited by 45 publications

References 186 publications

Protein-Driven Mechanism of Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19

Protein-Driven Mechanism of Multiorgan Damage in COVID-19

Extracellular Vesicles Orchestrate Immune and Tumor Interaction Networks

The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Demyelination of the Central Nervous System

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