Extracellular Vesicles in Myeloid Neoplasms

Abstract

Myeloid neoplasms arise from malignant primitive cells, which exhibit growth advantage within the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM). The interaction between these malignant cells and BMM cells is critical for the progression of these diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bound vesicles secreted into the extracellular space and involved in intercellular communication. Recent studies have described RNA and protein alterations in EVs isolated from myeloid neoplasm patients compared to healthy controls. The altered expression of various micro-RNAs is the best-described feature of EVs of these patients. Some of these micro-RNAs induce growth-related pathways such as AKT/mTOR and promote the acquisition of stem cell-like features by malignant cells. Another well-described characteristic of EVs in myeloid neoplasms is their ability to suppress healthy hematopoiesis either via direct effect on healthy CD34+ cells or via alteration of the differentiation of BMM cells. These results support a role of EVs in the pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms. mainly through mediating the interaction between malignant and BMM cells, and warrant further study to better understand their biology. In this review, we describe the reported alterations of EV composition in myeloid neoplasms and the recent discoveries supporting their involvement in the development and progression of these diseases.

The Role of microRNAs in Arsenic-Induced Human Diseases: A Review

“…Finally, the active complex interacts with the 3′-UTR of target mRNA through complementary pairing of base pairings, causing translational repression or RNA degradation (Figure 1A). 83−85 Through this process, miRNAs were involved in a series of cellular processes, including apoptosis, 4−6 oxidative stress, 7 cell proliferation, 8,9 inflammation, 10,11 hematopoiesis, 4,12 and tumorigenesis. 13,14 Recent studies revealed that miRNAs not only have an intracellular function but also stably exist in biological fluids such as saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, gingival fluid, and urine.…”

“…These functional miRNAs form the RISC via binding to AGO. Finally, the active complex interacts with the 3′-UTR of target mRNA through complementary pairing of base pairings, causing translational repression or RNA degradation (Figure A). − Through this process, miRNAs were involved in a series of cellular processes, including apoptosis, − oxidative stress, cell proliferation, , inflammation, , hematopoiesis, , and tumorigenesis. , …”

“…A particular miRNA can target various mRNAs to induce translational repression or RNA degradation, and one mRNA can be regulated by multiple different miRNAs . By modulating gene expression at the post-translational level, miRNAs play a critical role in a series of cellular processes, including apoptosis, − oxidative stress, cell proliferation, , inflammation, , hematopoiesis, , and tumorigenesis. , Importantly, miRNAs not only have an intracellular function but also stably exist in biological fluids such as saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, serum, gingival fluid, and urine. − Therefore, circulating miRNAs are considered biomarkers of disease and can regulate gene expression in distal cells or organs. ,, …”