Extracellular Vesicles from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Review of Common Cargos

Abstract

In recent years, the interest in adipose tissue mesenchymal cell–derived extracellular vesicles (AT-MSC-EVs) has increasingly grown. Numerous articles support the potential of human AT-MSC-EVs as a new therapeutic option for treatment of diverse diseases in the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems, kidney, skin, and immune system, among others. This approach makes use of the molecules transported inside of EVs, which play an important role in cell communication and in transmission of macromolecules. However, to our knowledge, there is no database where essential information about AT-MSC-EVs cargo molecules is gathered for easy reference. The aim of this study is to describe the different molecules reported so far in AT-MSC- EVs, their main molecular functions, and biological processes in which they are involved. Recently, the presence of 591 proteins and 604 microRNAs (miRNAs) has been described in human AT-MSC-EVs. The main molecular function enabled by both proteins and miRNAs present in human AT-MSC-EVs is the binding function. Signal transduction and gene silencing are the biological processes in which a greater number of proteins and miRNAs from human AT-MSC-EVs are involved, respectively. In this review we highlight the therapeutics effects of AT-MSC-EVs related with their participation in relevant biological processes including inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration, among others. Graphical abstract

The Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Acid-Stimulated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Favours Tumour Invasiveness and Metastasis in Osteosarcoma

“…As a response to intratumoural acidosis, freely available cytokines may not be the only circulating inflammatory mediators secreted by tumour-infiltrating MSC that may be involved in the pathogenesis of OS. Most recently, MSC-derived EV containing miRNA have also been widely considered because they play an important role in cellular communication and macromolecule transmission [ 39 ]. We therefore looked for circulating EV, and we analysed their morphology and size ( Figure 1 E,F), and miRNA content.…”

Analysis of MicroRNA Profile Alterations in Extracellular Vesicles From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Overexpressing Stem Cell Factor

“…In fact, they may work synergistically, and different subpopulations of EVs could depend on different machineries ( Qiu et al, 2021 ). Currently, 604 miRNAs have been identified in EVs from human adipose tissue-derived MSCs ( Alonso-Alonso et al, 2021 ). However, there is a lack of a consensus miRNA signature among MSC-EVs from different studies ( Qiu et al, 2018 ).…”

Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Contribution to Angiogenic Processes in Tissue Regeneration

“…A recent review by Alonso-Alonso et al [ 68 ] described different molecules reported to date in AT-MSC-EVs. They showed that a total of 591 proteins and 604 miRNAs have been detected in human AT-MSC-EVs.…”

“…In AT-MSC-EVs 84 mRNAs and 489 different miRNAs were recognized. Many of the detected mRNAs coded proteins involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF A, IL-8, IL-6, IGF1, ANG, FGF2, PDGFA, KDR, and CDH5 (VE-cadherin) [ 68 ]. A large number of miRNAs detected in AT-MSC-EVs included both pro- (e.g., let7b, let7g, miR126, miR199, miR21, miR29a, and miR31) and antiangiogenic (e.g., miR125, miR221, miR222, miR34a, and miR92a) microRNA.…”