Extracellular Vesicles for the Diagnosis of Cancers

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ultrasmall structures secreted by various types of cells and carry biomarkers such as DNA, RNA, and the protein of the cells that secreted them. Cancer cell-derived EVs can be detected at the very early stage of cancers, and hence the use of EVs for cancer diagnosis has aroused significant interest. This review summarizes the representative strategies of using EVs as biomarkers to detect different types of cancers, evaluates their advantages and challenges, and discusses their development prospects for cancer early diagnosis.

Non‐invasive and Sensitive Fluorescence Detection of Phenylpyruvic Acid via a Guanidinomethyl‐modified Calixarene

“…Compared with the blood test, the urine test is safer and more convenient because it is noninvasive and do not require specific instruments and well-trained hospital operators. [6][7][8][9] Therefore, developing methods to quantificationally detect PPA in urine is an ideal option. Many methods, including ferric chloride assay, electrochemical sensing, chemiluminescence detection, HPLC-MS, GC-MS, have been reported to detect PPA in urine.…”

“…The diagnosis of PKU is mainly based on the concentration of PHE in blood or phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) in urine. Compared with the blood test, the urine test is safer and more convenient because it is noninvasive and do not require specific instruments and well‐trained hospital operators [6–9] . Therefore, developing methods to quantificationally detect PPA in urine is an ideal option.…”

Decorated DNA‐Based Scaffolds as Lateral Flow Biosensors

“…The rapid detection of biomarkers plays a crucial role in the prevention, [1,2] prognosis, [3,4] and monitoring of human disorders [5–7] . Despite significant advances have been achieved in standard laboratory based methods (i.e.…”

Accurate and Convenient Lung Cancer Diagnosis through Detection of Extracellular Vesicle Membrane Proteins via Förster Resonance Energy Transfer

“…Currently, lung cancer is typically diagnosed via imaging scans, but these have a poor density resolution, especially at early stage . Thus, novel early stage diagnosis approaches such as liquid biopsies and EV-based biomarkers are being explored . EVs are membrane-enclosed structures (30–150 nm in diameter) secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix containing various cytosolic materials, which serve as important intercellular communication signals in both physiological and pathological situations. − EVs secreted by cancer cells contain more cancer-associated materials than normal cells and thus have potential as early biomarkers. , Monitoring EVs and their contents in liquid biopsies holds promise for accurate and timely lung cancer diagnosis, facilitating prompt interventions and improving patient outcomes.…”

“…3 Thus, novel early stage diagnosis approaches such as liquid biopsies and EVbased biomarkers are being explored. 4 EVs are membraneenclosed structures (30−150 nm in diameter) secreted by cells into the extracellular matrix containing various cytosolic materials, which serve as important intercellular communication signals in both physiological and pathological situations. 5−8 EVs secreted by cancer cells contain more cancerassociated materials than normal cells and thus have potential as early biomarkers.…”