Extracellular vesicles derived from the choroid plexus trigger the differentiation of neural stem cells

Abstract

The choroid plexus secrets cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) composed of electrolytes, cytokines, growth factors, metabolites and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that flow through the interconnected brain ventricles. On their course, CSF components can act as signals that affect, for example, neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in niches of the ventricular wall. We studied EV‐born CSF signals in an in vitro culture system. We purified EVs from the secretome of a choroid plexus cell line (Z310 cells), and from primary choroid plexus cultures and co‐cultured those EVs with NSCs isolated from the niche of the lateral and the third ventricle. EVs Z310 and EVs CHP were purified by differential centrifugation. This yielded fractions of EVs of 50–150‐nm diameter that induced a complex multicellular network formation and NSC differentiation. Both types of EV converted the round NSCs to cells that extended long processes that contacted nearby, alike‐shaped cells. Mass spectrometry showed that the differentiation‐inducing EV Z310 were enriched for membrane and membrane‐associated proteins involved in cell differentiation, membrane trafficking, and membrane organization. We hypothesize that this type of EV Z310 cargo causes changes of stem cell morphology that leads to multicellular networks in the niches. This cell‐shape transition may represent an initial step in NSC differentiation.

The Correlation Between Physical Activity and Stress and Their Impact on Uric Acid Levels in Older Individuals

“…The results of this research are the same as research conducted by Ditte Ayu Suntara et al, (2022). Based on the results of the Chi-Square analysis, it is known that the p value is 0.005<0.05 (which is shown in the Asymp.Sig column) in the computer output, so Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that there is a relationship between physical activity and uric acid (gout) levels in elderly.…”

Extracellular vesicles from UTX-knockout endothelial cells boost neural stem cell differentiation in spinal cord injury

“…In one trial, 24 volunteers showed good tolerance to nebulized mesenchymal stromal cells-derived EVs, with no serious adverse events reported up to 7 days post-nebulization [ 86 ]. Other studies confirm EVs’ role in enhancing neural differentiation [ 87 , 88 ], and the regulation of endogenous NSCs for neurogenesis post-SCI is also validated [ 89 ]. Further research is required to translate these findings into practical CNS injury treatment methods.…”

Brain heterotopia formation by ciliopathic breakdown of neuroepithelial and blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barriers

“…Even with the possibility of cytosolic proteins released from the broken ventricular area or dying neuroepithelial cells, the CSF proteome of mouse embryos could be affected by the proliferative condition of the mouse embryonic neuroepithelium and the secretory status of the choroid plexus. The secretion of extracellular vesicles and secretory proteins from both neuroepithelium and the choroid plexus could be regulated from signaling pathways downstream of the cilium [ 74 , 75 , 76 ]. We figured that signaling through the primary cilia could be regulated from CSF factors.…”