Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities

Andaloussi, Samir El; Mäger, Imre; Breakefield, Xandra O.; Wood, Matthew

doi:10.1038/nrd3978

Cited by 2,660 publications

(2,160 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…The tiny diameter of EVs provides several clinical benefits, including preventing vessel blockages,9 reducing phagocytosis by macrophages,10 and making injection easier. The structure of EVs also provides a number of therapeutic advantages in transferring information between cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

2018

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are ubiquitous nanosized membrane vesicles consisting of a lipid bilayer enclosing proteins and nucleic acids, which are active in intercellular communications. EVs are increasingly seen as a vital component of many biological functions that were once considered to require the direct participation of stem cells. Consequently, transplantation of EVs is gradually becoming considered an alternative to stem cell transplantation due to their significant advantages, including their relatively low probability of neoplastic transformation and abnormal differentiation. However, as research has progressed, it is realized that EVs derived from native‐source cells may have various shortcomings, which can be corrected by modification and optimization. To date, attempts are made to modify or improve almost all the components of EVs, including the lipid bilayer, proteins, and nucleic acids, launching a new era of modularized EV therapy through the “modular design” of EV components. One high‐yield technique, generating EV mimetic nanovesicles, will help to make industrial production of modularized EVs a reality. These modularized EVs have highly customized “modular design” components related to biological function and targeted delivery and are proposed as a promising approach to achieve personalized and precision medicine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

2018

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“…Microvesicles are formed by budding off from the plasma membrane whereas exosomes are derived from the endolysosomal pathway. The cargoes of both EMV types include cytoplasmic proteins, lipid raft-interacting proteins and RNAs (mRNA, microRNA and other non-coding RNAs) (El Andaloussi et al 2013). Through transfer of their molecular contents, EMVs are capable of altering the function of recipient cells.…”

Section: Emvs In Eukaryotesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on their mode of biogenesis, eukaryotic EMVs can be classified into three main groups: microvesicles (50-1000 nm), exosomes (40-100 nm) and apoptotic bodies (500-2000 nm) (El Andaloussi et al 2013). Here we focus on microvesicles and exosomes as these two groups are common to all classifications.…”

Section: Emvs In Eukaryotesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin of life: LUCA and extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs)

Gill

Forterre

2015

International Journal of Astrobiology

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Cells from the three domains of life produce extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs), suggesting that EMV production is an important aspect of cellular physiology. EMVs have been implicated in many aspects of cellular life in all domains, including stress response, toxicity against competing strains, pathogenicity, detoxification and resistance against viral attack. These EMVs represent an important mode of inter-cellular communication by serving as vehicles for transfer of DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids between cells. Here, we review recent progress in the understanding of EMV biology and their various roles. We focus on the role of membrane vesicles in early cellular evolution and how they would have helped shape the nature of the last universal common ancestor. A membrane-protected microenvironment would have been a key to the survival of spontaneous molecular systems and efficient metabolic reactions. Interestingly, the morphology of EMVs is strongly reminiscent of the morphology of some virions. It is thus tempting to make a link between the origin of the first protocell via the formation of vesicles and the origin of viruses.

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“…The isolation of exosomes must be improved to be cost effective, and the yield and purity of the product need to be increased. 77,78 In addition, the exosome product obtained by the most common isolation protocol with differential centrifugation and a sucrose gradient yield a heterogeneous product. Therefore, an exosome or microvesicle product needs to be extensively characterized in order to assess its biological function before it can be used therapeutically.…”

Section: Cd39 and Cd73mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stromal cells–are they really useful for GVHD?

Kaipe

Erkers

Sadeghi

et al. 2014

Bone Marrow Transplant

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Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have immunomodulatory effects and are increasingly being used for the treatment of acute and chronic GVHD. Although they seem immuno-privileged, they induce alloresponses, but the risk of immunization is poorly characterized. After infusion, they first reach the lungs, liver and spleen, and are then difficult to trace. Several mechanisms are involved in stromal cells suppressing alloreactivity, such as induction of regulatory T cells, but whether or not this will also affect leukemic relapse or increase infections is not known. Although several encouraging pilot studies have been published, there have been few prospective randomized trials. There may be a bias in the literature, as negative results are seldom published, and there have been few comparative studies with other immunosuppressive regimens. Most animal models have failed to show any effect on GVHD. Several questions remain to be answered for optimization of stromal cell therapy. Which source is optimal-BM, fat, cord or decidua? Can stromal cells be replaced by exosomes, which culture conditions are most appropriate and at what passage and how frequently should cells be administered? More research is required to move stromal cell therapy forward to become an established treatment for acute and chronic GVHD.

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Extracellular vesicles: biology and emerging therapeutic opportunities

Cited by 2,660 publications

References 116 publications

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

Modularized Extracellular Vesicles: The Dawn of Prospective Personalized and Precision Medicine

Origin of life: LUCA and extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs)

Stromal cells–are they really useful for GVHD?

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