Extracellular Vesicles as Source of Biomarkers in Glomerulonephritis

Abstract

Kidney disease is a global health and healthcare burden. Glomerulonephritis (Gn), both primary and secondary, is generally characterized by an inflammatory glomerular injury and may lead to end-stage renal disease. Kidney biopsy is fundamental to the diagnosis; however, kidney biopsy presents some concerns that may partly hamper the clinical process. Therefore, more accurate diagnostic tools are needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by cells and found in bodily fluids, including urine. EVs mediate intercellular signaling both in health and disease. EVs can have both harmful and cytoprotective effects in kidney diseases, especially Gn. Previous findings reported that the specific cargo of urinary EV contains an aerobic metabolic ability that may either restore the recipient cell metabolism or cause oxidative stress production. Here, we provide an overview of the most recent proteomic findings on the role of EVs in several aspects of glomerulopathies, with a focus on this metabolic and redox potential. Future studies may elucidate how the ability of EVs to interfere with aerobic metabolism and redox status can shed light on aspects of Gn etiology which have remained elusive so far.

The View of Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome as a Podocytopathy

“…EVs have also been shown to induce mesangial cell proliferation in pediatric patients with FSGS through the phospho-STAT-3 pathway [243]. This topic has been recently reviewed elsewhere [244].…”

Exosome-mediated communication between gastric cancer cells and macrophages: implications for tumor microenvironment

“…Exosomes are lipid microvesicles of endocytotic origin (27,28), which play a crucial role in various diseases like cardiovascular diseases, hematologic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and tumors (29)(30)(31)(32). Exosomes are present in almost all living cells and can exist stably in diverse body fluids, like saliva, plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, bile, etc.…”

Сучасні Біомаркери Гломерулонефритів На Основі Досліджень Позаклітинних Везикул У Сечі

“…Фактично, клінічна практика враховує лише маркери або втрату функції нирок, такі як сироватковий креатинін та протеїнурія. Сучасні клінічні маркери захворювання, такі як рівень креатиніну в сироватці або рівень альбуміну в сечі, не дуже чутливі та мають обмеження (точність визначення рівня креатиніну залежить від м'язової маси; у деяких пацієнтів спостерігається регрес до нормальбумінурії тощо); крім того, вони не дають інформації про причину ушкодження нирок і є пізньою ознакою ураження нирок [1].…”