Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuron-glia communication

Frühbeis, Carsten; Fröhlich, Dominik; Kuo, Wen Ping; Krämer-Albers, Eva-Maria

doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00182

Cited by 318 publications

(260 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(70 reference statements)

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“…Although it is well known that Arf6 regulates dense core vesicle secretion, membrane vesicle shedding and membrane trafficking along the axon [30][31][32] , all of which are important for neural secretion of biologically active substances [33][34][35] , neuronal subtypes found elsewhere than in the Fim and CC may secrete FGF-2 using an Arf6-independent mechanism(s). Alternatively, other guidance factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor and Semaphorin 3A 13 , may be secreted from distinct neuronal subtypes through mechanisms independent of Arf6.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trans-regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by neurons through small GTPase Arf6-regulated secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2

et al. 2014

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The small G protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) plays important roles in a wide variety of membrane dynamics-based cellular events such as neurite outgrowth and spine formation in vitro. However, little is known about physiological function of Arf6 in vivo. Here we generate conditional knockout mice lacking Arf6 in neurons, oligodendrocytes, or both cell lineages, and unexpectedly find that Arf6 expression in neurons, but not in oligodendrocytes, is crucial for oligodendrocyte myelination in the hippocampal fimbria and the corpus callosum during development, and that this is through the regulation of secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2, a guidance factor for migration of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). These results suggest that Arf6 in neurons plays an important role in OPC migration through regulation of FGF-2 secretion during neuronal development.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trans-regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by neurons through small GTPase Arf6-regulated secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2

et al. 2014

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“…Microglial EMVs via VT also communicate with neurons and enhance excitatory transmission [46,76,77]. These EMVs can also express a number of proteins found also in EMVs from B cells and dendritic cells [70,83].…”

Section: (C) Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microglial EMVs also express MHC class II molecules upregulated by interferon-gamma [70]. Their relevance for antigen presentation and CNS immunity is, however, unknown [76]. In inflammation, T cells can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and reach antigens presented by microglia which produces a number of effector functions, including cytotoxic functions [83].…”

Section: (C) Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The astrocytic EMVs move into the extracellular space and carry a large number of transfer compounds such as mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), ATP, Hsp70, functional glutamate transporters, FGF-2, miRNA, etc. (table 3) [68,[73][74][75][76][77][78]. The acceptor cells are both astrocytes and neurons and dependent on the cargo in the EMVs they may produce, for example, neuroprotection or degeneration [68,79,80].…”

Section: (C) Central Nervous Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular-vesicle type of volume transmission and tunnelling-nanotube type of wiring transmission add a new dimension to brain neuro-glial networks

Agnati

Fuxé

2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Two major types of intercellular communication are found in the central nervous system (CNS), namely wiring transmission (WT; point-to-point communication via private channels, e.g. synaptic transmission) and volume transmission (VT; communication in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid). Volume and synaptic transmission become integrated because their chemical signals activate different types of interacting receptors in heteroreceptor complexes located synaptically and extrasynaptically in the plasma membrane. In VT, we focus on the role of the extracellular-vesicle type of VT, and in WT, on the potential role of the tunnelling-nanotube (TNT) type of WT. The so-called exosomes appear to be the major vesicular carrier for intercellular communication but the larger microvesicles also participate. Extracellular vesicles are released from cultured cortical neurons and different types of glial cells and modulate the signalling of the neuronal -glial networks of the CNS. This type of VT has pathological relevance, and epigenetic mechanisms may participate in the modulation of extracellular-vesicle-mediated VT. Gerdes and co-workers proposed the existence of a novel type of WT based on TNTs, which are straight transcellular channels leading to the formation in vitro of syncytial cellular networks found also in neuronal and glial cultures.

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“…After delivery, the molecules can operate in the recipient cell [13]. Recently, a role for these vesicles as shuttles for biomolecules between cells of the nervous system has been suggested [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delivery on call: exosomes as “care packages” from glial cells for stressed neurons

Krämer-Albers

Frühbeis

2013

E-Neuroforum

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Communication between cells is a basic requirement for proper nervous system function. Glial cells execute various functions, operating in close coordination with neurons. Recent research revealed that cell communication is mediated by the exchange of extracellular vesicles, which are also secreted by glial cells and neurons. Extracellular vesicles comprise exosomes and microvesicles, which deliver proteins and ribonucleic acids to target cells. As a result of transfer, the vesicle cargo components can modulate the phenotype of recipient cells. Here, we discuss the characteristics and functions of extracellular vesicles in general and in particular in the central nervous system, where myelinating oligodendrocytes release exosomes in response to neurotransmitter signals, which are internalized by neurons and exhibit neuroprotective functions.

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Extracellular vesicles as mediators of neuron-glia communication

Cited by 318 publications

References 65 publications

Trans-regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by neurons through small GTPase Arf6-regulated secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2

Trans-regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination by neurons through small GTPase Arf6-regulated secretion of fibroblast growth factor-2

Extracellular-vesicle type of volume transmission and tunnelling-nanotube type of wiring transmission add a new dimension to brain neuro-glial networks

Delivery on call: exosomes as “care packages” from glial cells for stressed neurons

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