Extracellular Vesicles and the Application of System Biology and Computational Modeling in Cardiac Repair

Abstract

Recent literature suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs), secreted from most cells and containing cell-specific cargo of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, are major driver of intracellular communication in normal physiology and pathological conditions. The recent evidence on stem/progenitor cell EVs as potential therapeutic modality mimicking their parental cell function is exciting because EVs could possibly be used as a surrogate for the stem cell-based therapy, and this regimen may overcome certain roadblocks identified with the use of stem/progenitor cell themselves. This review provides a comprehensive update on our understanding on the role of EVs in cardiac repair and emphasizes the applications of stem/progenitor cell-derived EVs as therapeutics and discusses the current challenges associated with the EV therapy.

The Course of Circulating Small Extracellular Vesicles in Patients Undergoing Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement

“…Our understanding of the biological functions of circulating vesicles has developed enormously in a short period and seems poised to expand significantly in the near future [24][25][26]. In the last several years, research on the biology, function, and potential application of sEVs has increased exponentially [25][26][27]. By now, because of technical difficulties regarding the analysis of small circulating vesicles (<1 μm), a large part of published work in this area is mainly focused on larger MPs (600 nm-1 μm) while disregarding sEVs [28][29][30].…”

The Regulation of Flavivirus Infection by Hijacking Exosome-Mediated Cell–Cell Communication: New Insights on Virus–Host Interactions

“…Exosome size and/or components located on their surface probably influence their recognition and capture by target cells [ 24 ]. After releasing, the recipient cells uptake those exosomes mainly through three different pathways: 1: endocytosis, 2: fusion, or 3: receptor–ligand interaction, any of the three is achieve by inducing internalization or eliciting intracellular signaling cascades [ 24 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. It is known that exosomes released from flavivirus-activated platelets enhance the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and proinflammatory cytokine production through activation of the CLEC5A receptor on macrophages [ 12 ].…”

Highly purified extracellular vesicles from human cardiomyocytes demonstrate preferential uptake by human endothelial cells

“…3d). 52 We then quantified an enrichment factor between peak EV rich fractions (fractions 8 and 9) and compared this to the mean soluble protein rich fractions (fractions [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. We identified that the endosomal protein markers Lamp1 and CD63 were substantially more highly enriched in the EV-containing fractions; while the cytoplasmic proteins Alix and HSP70 showed some enrichment in LAC-CM-EVs, but to a lesser extent than the endosomal protein markers (Fig.…”