Extracellular Vesicle-Transported Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) X Inactive-Specific Transcript (XIST) in Serum is a Potential Novel Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis

Yu, Jinfeng; Dong, Wei; Liang, Jingshan

doi:10.12659/msm.924448

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Interestingly, Xiao et al (2017) reported that overexpression of lncRNA Xist in colorectal cancer confers a potent poor therapeutic efficacy, and lncRNA Xist enjoys 5FU resistance via enhancing the expression of thymidylate synthase. In summary, this information indicates that lncRNA Xist may serve as an independent risk factor for colorectal cancer prognosis, and could be a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer patients ( Yu J. et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: The Role Of Lncrna Xist In Cancermentioning

confidence: 92%

Biological Function of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Xist

Wang

Min

Guo

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

124

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression in a variety of ways at epigenetic, chromatin remodeling, transcriptional, and translational levels. Accumulating evidence suggests that lncRNA X-inactive specific transcript (lncRNA Xist) serves as an important regulator of cell growth and development. Despites its original roles in X-chromosome dosage compensation, lncRNA Xist also participates in the development of tumor and other human diseases by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). In this review, we comprehensively summarized recent progress in understanding the cellular functions of lncRNA Xist in mammalian cells and discussed current knowledge regarding the ceRNA network of lncRNA Xist in various diseases. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts that are more than 200 nt in length and without an apparent protein-coding capacity (Furlan and Rougeulle, 2016; Maduro et al., 2016). These RNAs are believed to be transcribed by the approximately 98–99% non-coding regions of the human genome (Derrien et al., 2012; Fu, 2014; Montalbano et al., 2017; Slack and Chinnaiyan, 2019), as well as a large variety of genomic regions, such as exonic, tronic, and intergenic regions. Hence, lncRNAs are also divided into eight categories: Intergenic lncRNAs, Intronic lncRNAs, Enhancer lncRNAs, Promoter lncRNAs, Natural antisense/sense lncRNAs, Small nucleolar RNA-ended lncRNAs (sno-lncRNAs), Bidirectional lncRNAs, and non-poly(A) lncRNAs (Ma et al., 2013; Devaux et al., 2015; St Laurent et al., 2015; Chen, 2016; Quinn and Chang, 2016; Richard and Eichhorn, 2018; Connerty et al., 2020). A range of evidence has suggested that lncRNAs function as key regulators in crucial cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, by regulating the expression level of target genes via epigenomic, transcriptional, or post-transcriptional approaches (Cao et al., 2018). Moreover, lncRNAs detected in body fluids were also believed to serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of disease progression, and act as novel and potential drug targets for therapeutic exploitation in human disease (Jiang W. et al., 2018; Zhou et al., 2019a). Long non-coding RNA X-inactive specific transcript (lncRNA Xist) are a set of 15,000–20,000 nt sequences localized in the X chromosome inactivation center (XIC) of chromosome Xq13.2 (Brown et al., 1992; Debrand et al., 1998; Kay, 1998; Lee et al., 2013; da Rocha and Heard, 2017; Yang Z. et al., 2018; Brockdorff, 2019). Previous studies have indicated that lncRNA Xist regulate X chromosome inactivation (XCI), resulting in the inheritable silencing of one of the X-chromosomes during female cell development. Also, it serves a vital regulatory function in the whole spectrum of human disease (notably cancer) and can be used as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and as a potential therapeutic target for human disease in the clinic (Liu et al., 2018b; Deng et al., 2019; Dinescu et al., 2019; Mutzel and Schulz, 2020; Patrat et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a). In particular, lncRNA Xist have been demonstrated to be involved in the development of multiple types of tumors including brain tumor, Leukemia, lung cancer, breast cancer, and liver cancer, with the prominent examples outlined in Table 1. It was also believed that lncRNA Xist (Chaligne and Heard, 2014; Yang Z. et al., 2018) contributed to other diseases, such as pulmonary fibrosis, inflammation, neuropathic pain, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and osteoarthritis chondrocytes, and more specific details can be found in Table 2. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA Xist on both chromosome dosage compensation and pathogenesis (especially cancer) processes, with a focus on the regulatory network of lncRNA Xist in human disease.

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Section: The Role Of Lncrna Xist In Cancermentioning

confidence: 92%

Biological Function of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Xist

Wang

Min

Guo

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In colorectal cancer, up-regulation of XIST in extracellular vesicles isolated from serum samples had an appropriate diagnostic value [Area under curve (AUC) = 0.86, sensitivity = 0.88 and specificity = 0.90]. Most notably, over-expression of XIST in serum extracellular vesicles has been associated with survival rates (Yu et al, 2020). Expression levels of XIST have also been shown to be appropriate markers for follow-up of patients with lung cancer, since they have been reduced following surgical removal of tumors.…”

Section: Human Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Inactive-Specific Transcript: Review of Its Functions in the Carcinogenesis

Ghafouri‐Fard

Dashti

Farsi

et al. 2021

Front. Cell Dev. Biol.

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X-inactive–specific transcript (XIST) is one of the firstly discovered long non-coding RNAs with prominent roles in the process of X inactivation. Moreover, this transcript contributes in the carcinogenic process in different tissues. In addition to interacting with chromatin modifying molecules, XIST can be served as a molecular sponge for miRNAs to modulate expression of miRNA targets. Most of the studies have indicated an oncogenic role for XIST. However, in prostate cancer, a single study has indicated a tumor suppressor role for this lncRNA. Similar result has been reported for XIST in oral squamous cell carcinoma. In hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, osteosarcoma, and renal cell carcinoma, different studies have reported inconsistent results. In the present manuscript, we review function of XIST in the carcinogenesis.

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“…Recent studies mentioned long noncoding RNAs (about 200 nts) as potential novel diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers in CRC. In the last years, several studies searched for CRC diagnosis-efficient EVs-derived lncRNAs [ 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 ]. Hu et al [ 79 ] isolated exosomes from the plasma of CRC patients ( n = 50) and healthy individuals ( n = 50) and performed exosomal lncRNA profiling in the two groups.…”

Section: Ev-mediated Cancer Diagnosis For Six Specific Human Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oehme et al [ 81 ] asserted that a low level of exosomal lncRNA HOTTIP is an independent valid prognostic biomarker in CRC to predict post-surgical survival time. Lastly, Yu et al [ 82 ] focused on the lncRNA X inactive specific transcript (XIST) already shown to be overexpressed in CRC cell lines and tissues and with a high expression correlated with higher tumor size, stages, metastasis and adverse overall survival in patients. The authors identified small serum EVs and found for the first time that lncRNA XIST was highly expressed in serum EVs in CRC patients.…”

Section: Ev-mediated Cancer Diagnosis For Six Specific Human Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Search through Liquid Biopsy of Effective Biomarkers for Early Cancer Diagnosis into the Rich Cargoes of Extracellular Vesicles

Tatischeff¹

2021

IJMS

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There exist many different human cancers, but regardless of the cancer type, an early diagnosis is a necessary condition for further optimal outcomes from the disease. Therefore, efficient specific and sensitive cancer biomarkers are urgently needed. This is especially true for the cancers depicting a silent progression, and those only diagnosed in an already metastatic state with a poor survival prognostic. After a rapid overview of the previous methods for cancer diagnosis, the outstanding characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) will be presented, as new interesting candidates for early cancer diagnosis in human biofluid non-invasive liquid biopsy. The present review aims to give the state-of-the-art of the numerous searches of efficient EV-mediated cancer diagnosis. The corresponding literature quest was performed by means of an original approach, using a powerful Expernova Questel big data platform, which was specifically adapted for a literature search on EVs. The chosen collected scientific papers are presented in two parts, the first one drawing up a picture of the current general status of EV-mediated cancer diagnosis and the second one showing recent applications of such EV-mediated diagnosis for six important human-specific cancers, i.e., lung, breast, prostate, colorectal, ovary and pancreatic cancers. However, the promising perspective of finally succeeding in the worldwide quest for the much-needed early cancer diagnosis has to be moderated by the many remaining challenges left to solve before achieving the efficient clinical translation of the constantly increasing scientific knowledge.

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Extracellular Vesicle-Transported Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) X Inactive-Specific Transcript (XIST) in Serum is a Potential Novel Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis

Cited by 14 publications

References 38 publications

Biological Function of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Xist

Biological Function of Long Non-coding RNA (LncRNA) Xist

X-Inactive-Specific Transcript: Review of Its Functions in the Carcinogenesis

Current Search through Liquid Biopsy of Effective Biomarkers for Early Cancer Diagnosis into the Rich Cargoes of Extracellular Vesicles

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