Extracellular siderophores of rapidly growing Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum

Charlang, Gisela; Horowitz, Robert M.; Lowy, Peter H.; Ng, Bradford; Poling, Stephen M.; Horowitz, N. H.

doi:10.1128/jb.150.2.785-787.1982

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In our previous study, we detected neither ferricrocin nor ferrirhodin but, instead, found exclusively TAFC after 48 h of growth under iron-depleted conditions (Haas et al, 1999). This is in accordance with data from Charlang et al (1981;1982), who proved that older cultures of A. nidulans produce TAFC and that young cultures additionally excrete the unacetylated form of TAFC, fusigen (fusarinine C), which disappears in older cultures. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis according to the method of Konetschny-Rapp et al (1988) confirmed that young A. nidulans cultures excrete fusigen, with the highest amount produced at 24 h of growth ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis, utilization and uptake in Aspergillus nidulans

Oberegger

Schoeser

Zadra

et al. 2001

Molecular Microbiology

157

123

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Under conditions of low iron availability, most fungi excrete siderophores in order to mobilize extracellular iron. We show that lack of the GATA‐type transcription factor SREA in Aspergillus nidulans not only leads to derepression of siderophore biosynthesis but also to deregulation of siderophore‐bound iron uptake and ornithine esterase expression. Furthermore, SREA deficiency causes increased accumulation of ferricrocin, the siderophore responsible for intracellular iron storage. In sreA deletion strains, extracellular siderophore production is derepressed but still regulated negatively by iron availability, indicating the presence of an additional iron‐regulatory mechanism. In contrast, iron affects ferricrocin accumulation in a positive way, suggesting a protective role for this siderophore in detoxification of intracellular iron excess. The harmfulness of deregulated iron uptake in this mutant is demonstrated by increased expression of genes encoding the antioxidative enzymes catalase CATB and the superoxide dismutases SODA and SODB. It is noteworthy that iron starvation was found to repress catB expression in wild‐type (wt) and SREA‐deficient strains, consistent with catB being subject to SREA‐independent iron regulation. Differential display led to the identification of putative SREA target genes amcA and mirA. The deduced MIRA amino acid sequence displays significant similarity to recently characterized siderophore permeases of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. amcA encodes a putative mitochondrial carrier for the siderophore precursor ornithine, indicating cross‐regulation of siderophore and ornithine metabolism.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis, utilization and uptake in Aspergillus nidulans

Oberegger

Schoeser

Zadra

et al. 2001

Molecular Microbiology

157

123

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“…Here is the first study to report the bacterial fusarinine. Ornithine is the only amino acid of fusarinine (Charlang et al, 1982). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG, https://www.kegg.jp/) shows that fusarinine can be synthesized by some specific ornithylesterases including fusarinine-C ornithineesterase, ornithine esterase and 5-Nacyl-L-ornithine-ester hydrolase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Review #1 of "Siderophore and indolic acid production by Paenibacillus triticisoli BJ-18 and their plant growth-promoting and antimicrobe abilities (v0.1)"

Castellano‐Hinojosa¹

2020

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Paenibacillus triticisoli BJ-18, a N 2-fixing bacterium, is able to promote plant growth, but the secondary metabolites that may play a role in promoting plant growth have never been characterized. In this study, untargeted metabolomics profiling of P. triticisoli BJ-18 indicated the existence of 101 known compounds, including N 2-acetyl ornithine, which is the precursor of siderophores, plant growth regulators such as trehalose 6-phosphate, betaine and trigonelline, and other bioactive molecules such as oxymatrine, diosmetin, luotonin A, (-)-caryophyllene oxide and tetrahydrocurcumin. In addition, six compounds were also isolated from P. triticisoli BJ-18 using a combination of silica gel chromatography, sephadex LH-20, octadecyl silane (ODS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The compound structures were further analyzed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Mass Spectrometry (MS), and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD). The six compounds included three classical siderophore fusarinines identified as deshydroxylferritriacetylfusigen, desferritriacetylfusigen, and triacetylfusigen, and three indolic acids identified as paenibacillic acid A, 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), and 3indolepropionic acid (IPA). Both deshydroxylferritriacetylfusigen and paenibacillic acid A have new structures. Fusarinines, which normally occur in fungi, were isolated from bacterium for the first time in this study. Both siderophores (compounds 1 and 2) showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, but did not show obvious inhibitory activity against yeast Candida albicans. Whereas triacetylfusigen (compound 3) showed no antibiosis activity against these test microorganisms. Paenibacillic acid A, IAA, and IPA were shown to promote the growth of plant shoots and roots, and paenibacillic acid A also showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. Our study demonstrates that siderophores and indolic acids may play an important role in plant growth promotion by P. triticisoli BJ-18.

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“…nidulans and A . fumigatus [ 46 , 51 , 52 ], exclusively fusarinine C by Fusarium roseum and F . oxysporum [ 29 , 53 ] and coprogens by N .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HapX Mediates Iron Homeostasis in the Pathogenic Dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae but Is Dispensable for Virulence

et al. 2016

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For many pathogenic fungi, siderophore-mediated iron acquisition is essential for virulence. The process of siderophore production and further mechanisms to adapt to iron limitation are strictly controlled in fungi to maintain iron homeostasis. Here we demonstrate that the human pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae produces the hydroxamate siderophores ferricrocin and ferrichrome C. Additionally, we show that the iron regulator HapX is crucial for the adaptation to iron starvation and iron excess, but is dispensable for virulence of A. benhamiae. Deletion of hapX caused downregulation of siderophore biosynthesis genes leading to a decreased production of siderophores during iron starvation. Furthermore, HapX was required for transcriptional repression of genes involved in iron-dependent pathways during iron-depleted conditions. Additionally, the ΔhapX mutant of A. benhamiae was sensitive to high-iron concentrations indicating that HapX also contributes to iron detoxification. In contrast to other pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae was redundant for virulence and a ΔhapX mutant was still able to infect keratinized host tissues in vitro. Our findings underline the highly conserved role of the transcription factor HapX for maintaining iron homeostasis in ascomycetous fungi but, unlike in many other human and plant pathogenic fungi, HapX of A. benhamiae is not a virulence determinant.

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Extracellular siderophores of rapidly growing Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum

Abstract: The highly active extracellular siderophores previously detected in young cultures of Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium chrysogenum have been identified as the cyclic ester fusigen (fusarinine C), and its open-chain form, fusigen B (fusarinine B).

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis, utilization and uptake in Aspergillus nidulans

SREA is involved in regulation of siderophore biosynthesis, utilization and uptake in Aspergillus nidulans

Peer Review #1 of "Siderophore and indolic acid production by Paenibacillus triticisoli BJ-18 and their plant growth-promoting and antimicrobe abilities (v0.1)"

HapX Mediates Iron Homeostasis in the Pathogenic Dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae but Is Dispensable for Virulence

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