Extracellular Mitochondrial Components and Effects on Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Besides being powerhouses of the cell, mitochondria released into extracellular space act as intercellular signaling. Mitochondria and their components mediate cell-to-cell communication in free form or embedded in a carrier. The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is complex, which shows close relationship with inflammation and metabolic abnormalities. Since mitochondria sustain optimal function of the heart, extracellular mitochondria are emerging as a key regulator in the development of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we provide recent findings in the presence and forms of mitochondria transfer between cells, as well as the effects of these mitochondria on vascular inflammation and ischemic myocardium. Mitochondrial transplantation is a novel treatment paradigm for patients suffering from acute cardiovascular accident and challenges the traditional methods of mitochondria isolation.

LC3-Mediated Mitophagy After CCCP or Vibrio splendidus Exposure in the Pacific Oyster Crassostrea gigas

“…The mitochondrion is an organelle essential for multiple biological processes, including energy production, metabolite biosynthesis, cell death, and immunological responses ( Cervantes-Silva, et al, 2021 ; Lou, et al, 2020 ; Xu, et al, 2021 ). Mitophagy surveils the mitochondrial population by eliminating superfluous and/or impaired mitochondria and mediating the cellular survival and viability in response to infection ( Deretic, 2021 ; Gkikas, et al, 2018 ).…”

Mitochondrial Transplantation: Is It a Feasible Therapy to Prevent the Cardiorenal Side Effects of Cisplatin?

“…MT is an emergent field based on the delivery of mitochondria from autologous or nonautologous sources to treat diseases related to mitochondrial damage or dysfunction [128]. MT could be a possible option for being used in clinical settings where mitochondria are mainly damaged [81].…”

“…MT could be a possible option for being used in clinical settings where mitochondria are mainly damaged [81]. MT has been shown to provide a therapeutic benefit, because donated mitochondria have been shown to restore mitochondrial function [128]. The replacement of damaged mitochondria with respiratory competent mitochondria has increased energy production, mitochondrial protein translation, enzyme activities, mtDNA replacement, and ROS reduction (Figure 4C) [81,107,108,110,111,126].…”

“…Sampling is less invasive than muscle or other tissues, suggesting that their study is essential to establish other alternatives of MT and their possible therapeutic effects. However, extracellular mitochondria are a recent finding, and there is much to discover before using them in functional studies because their increases have been postulated as markers of damage [128]. The recent discovery of mitochondria in blood might be a potential source of plasma MT, facilitating the obtention and extraction in less invasive manners [133].…”

Prospects of mitochondrial transplantation in clinical medicine: Aspirations and challenges

“…Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in many diseases spanning across multiple organ systems (Moro 2020, Simoes, Morciano et al 2020, Bruni 2021, Popov 2021, Xu, Yu et al 2021, Zhou, Ren et al 2021. As well, these unique organelles, which are crucial for normal cellular function, can be the prime suspect for many pathological conditions.…”