Extracellular matrices, artificial neural scaffolds and the promise of neural regeneration

Abstract

Over last 20 years, extracellular matrices have been shown to be useful in promoting tissue regeneration. Recently, they have been used and have had success in achieving neurogenesis. Recent developments in extracellular matrix design have allowed their successful in vivo incorporation to engender an environment favorable for neural regeneration in animal models. Promising treatments under investigation include manipulation of the intrinsic extracellular matrix and incorporation of engineered naometer-sized scaffolds through which inhibition of molecules serving as barriers to neuroregeneration and delivery of neurotrophic factors and/or cells for successful tissue regeneration can be achieved. Further understanding of the changes incurred within the extracellular matrix following central nervous system injury will undoubtedly help design a clinically efficacious extracellular matrix scaffold that can mitigate or reverse neural degeneration in the clinical setting.

A Bibliometric Review of Artificial Extracellular Matrices Based on Tissue Engineering Technology Literature: 1990 through 2019

“…Hydroxyapatite, chitosan, hydrogels, nanofibers, keratin and alginate are examples of common occurrences in the 2000s and 2010s ( Figure S2 and Table S6 ). It is evident that understanding the fundamental biology of tissue formation and morphogenesis is important [ 24 , 30 ]. There are also some limitations to using human models when moving towards the clinical application that could cause concern for legal constraints.…”

“…Over the years, the use of aECMs has attained an excellent reputation in the field of tissue engineering due to their exceptional mechanical properties, processability and low cost [ 21 , 22 ]. The ideal aECM is physiochemically similar to the target tissues innate ECM, non-toxic, biodegradable, affordable, durable and poorly immunogenic [ 23 , 24 ]. Both naturally derived and synthetic materials have been developed to mimic native ECM for the study of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering [ 21 , 25 ].…”

Potential of Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Biomedical Applications in the Central Nervous System

“…Implanting chitosan-based biomaterials in the CNS provides a way to its poor regenerative capacity through the reconstruction of lost tissue and reconnection of neuronal processes. Although, the incorporation of stem cells and biomolecules into these scaffolds has emerged as an additional strategy to enhance regenerative therapies (Ricks et al, 2014). In this way, biomaterials assist cell therapy as delivery vehicles that promote cell survival and engraftment.…”

Cell secretome based approaches in Parkinson’s disease regenerative medicine

“…In tissue engineeringbased approaches, one possible strategy to overcome this limitation is the local injection of hydrogel-embedded MSCs, enabling a long lasting secretome production with increased control over cell fate [76]. The use of biomaterials can be an essential strategy [77], because 3D culture of MSCs within scaffolds or hydrogels impacts cell physiology, enhancing endogenous extracellular matrix (ECM), and integrin expression while promoting the secretion of trophic factors [57]. However, cell 435 organization and functionality are influenced by the mechanical properties of the biomaterial.…”