Extracellular HIV-1 Tat upregulates TNF-α dependent MCP-1/CCL2 production via activation of ERK1/2 pathway in rat hippocampal slice cultures: Inhibition by resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytostilbene

HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Amyloid β Generation and Tau Phosphorylation in Rat Hippocampal Slices

“…Hippocampal slice cultures were prepared from 10-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Harlan, Indianapolis, IN, USA) as previously described (17,18). In hippocampal slices, cells, synapses, and neuronal connectivity mature in parallel with their counterparts in vivo (19).…”

“…Slices were stimulated with Tat1-86 (1 μM) for 3 days as previously described (18). Vehicles were prepared identically to experimental treatments but did not contain Tat.…”

“…Western blotting was conducted as recently described (17,18). Whole cell extracts obtained and equal quantities of Densitometric values were normalized versus β-actin.…”

HIV-1 Tat Protein-dependent Cytotoxicity is Attenated by 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-Prostaglandin J2 in Rat Hippocampal Slices: Involvement of the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway

“…Hippocampal slice cultures were prepared from 10-dayold Sprague-Dawley rat pups (Harlan, Indianapolis, IN, USA) as previously described (14,15 (16). Thus, these preparations are deemed appropriate for studies of prolonged pharmacological treatment and recovery without blood flow, which would be difficult to perform in an intact animal system.…”

“…All reagents were added to serum-free medium (no horse serum) equilibrated at 37℃ in 5% CO 2 prior to addition to the slices. Tat was added to the slice cultures as previously described (14,15). To determine the effects of specific inhibition of Tat-induced responses, cells were pretreated with 15d-PGJ2 for 1 h before further stimulation with Tat1-86 (1 μM) for 3 days.…”