Extracellular HIV-1 Nef protein modulates lytic activity and proliferation of human CD8+ T lymphocytes

Circulating Nef Induces Dyslipidemia in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Macaques by Suppressing Cholesterol Efflux

“…While the presence of Nef in the infected macrophages may exacerbate atheroma progression, we questioned whether Nef may also have a more global effect on lipoprotein metabolism. Nef is shed by dead or dying virus-infected cells and can be detected in the circulation of infected individuals (26); extracellular Nef has been shown to impact activity of bystander cells (27–29). Approximately 50–100 ng/ml of Nef was detected by immunoblotting in the blood of SIV-infected macaques (Fig.…”

Hormesis: Biphasic Dose-Responses to Fungicides in Plant Pathogens and Their Potential Threat to Agriculture

“…They demonstrated by computational modeling that four different cellular models could generate biphasic doseresponses: i) Membrane receptor subtypes with opposite downstream effect; ii) Androgen receptor mediated gene expression; iii) Induction of DNA repair and "co-repair" of background DNA damage; and, iv) Modulation of the cell cycle and effect on rate of mutation (80). Subsequent studies have found empirical evidence of hormesis attributable to the presence of antagonistic membrane receptors (81) or to the induction of DNA repair (82). Bae et al (83) suggested that hormesis may arise because of the heterogenic susceptibilities of different tissues to the same stimulus; such difference can result in the expression of a U shaped dose-response curve.…”