Extracellular enzymes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments: perspectives on system variability and common research needs

Arnosti, Carol; Bell, Colin W.; Moorhead, Daryl L.; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Steen, Andrew D.; Stromberger, Mary E.; Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Weintraub, Michael N.

doi:10.1007/s10533-013-9906-5

Cited by 146 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 138 publications

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“…We sampled three basalts from Loihi Seamount, located off the southeast corner of the big island of Hawaii (8), and measured the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities in conjunction with quantitative PCR (qPCR) of 16S rRNA and pyrosequencing of the V6 region of bacterial 16S rRNA to quantify the microbial metabolism and describe the prokaryotic diversity in the collected samples. AP catalyzes the degradation of phosphate esters, organic phosphorus compounds with a C-O-P bond, supplying phosphate from phosphate esters and/or carbon products necessary for cell maintenance and growth (9)(10)(11)(12). LAP cleaves N-terminal leucine residues from proteins and peptides and is viewed as a cell maintenance enzyme with a critical role in peptide turnover (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity Measured on Seafloor Exposed Basalts from Loihi Seamount Indicate the Importance of Basalts to Global Biogeochemical Cycling

Meyers

Sylvan

Edwards

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Seafloor basalts are widely distributed and host diverse prokaryotic communities, but no data exist concerning the metabolic rates of the resident microbial communities. We present here potential extracellular enzyme activities of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) measured on basalt samples from different locations on Loihi Seamount, HI, coupled with analysis of prokaryotic biomass and pyrosequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. The community maximum potential enzyme activity (V max ) of LAP ranged from 0.47 to 0.90 nmol (g rock) ؊1 h ؊1 ; the V max for AP was 28 to 60 nmol (g rock) ؊1 h ؊1 . The K m of LAP ranged from 26 to 33 M, while the K m for AP was 2 to 7 M. Bacterial communities on Loihi basalts were comprised primarily of Alpha-, Delta-, andGammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. The putative ability to produce LAP is evenly distributed across the most commonly detected bacterial orders, but the ability to produce AP is likely dominated by bacteria in the orders Xanthomonadales, Flavobacteriales, and Planctomycetales. The enzyme activities on Loihi basalts were compared to those of other marine environments that have been studied and were found to be similar in magnitude to those from continental shelf sediments and orders of magnitude higher than any measured in the water column, demonstrating that the potential for exposed basalts to transform organic matter is substantial. We propose that microbial communities on basaltic rock play a significant, quantifiable role in benthic biogeochemical processes. Exposed seafloor basalts comprise a 600,000-km 2 continuous undersea habitat (1). Endolithic basalt microbes are diverse and abundant (2), and several clades of bacteria appear more likely to be encountered on basalts than elsewhere (3). Bacterial phyla display trends in abundance that reflect rock geochemistry, indicating a strong selection of microbial communities by rock composition (4). Genes diagnostic for methanogenesis, nitrogen fixation, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, denitrification, Fe reduction, and dissimilatory sulfate reduction are present in basalt microbial communities (3), indicating the potential for diverse biogeochemical transformations on basalts. However, no data are currently available for metabolic activity rates of basaltic microbes.The relationship between the presence of prokaryotes and the activity and function of enzymes in extreme environments in general and basalts in particular is underexplored. Hydrolytic extracellular enzymes have been shown to be indicators of metabolically active bacteria, and existing data sets from various marine environments can be used for comparison with information from newly explored areas (5, 6). Additionally, in deep sea environments, organic matter is more refractory in nature, and therefore, extracellular enzyme hydrolases should play an important role in the initiation of organic matter recycling. Indeed, recent work showed that the most abundant group of Archaea in marine sediments produces unique...

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confidence: 99%

Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity Measured on Seafloor Exposed Basalts from Loihi Seamount Indicate the Importance of Basalts to Global Biogeochemical Cycling

Meyers

Sylvan

Edwards

2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In turn, it is conceivable that any change in the enzyme spectrum due to variability in UVR light could cause a loss of productivity (e.g. due to a decrease in the inorganic P made available through APase activities), as the nutrients made available by extracellular enzymes may not be in suitable ratios for the effective growth of microbes (Arnosti et al, 2014;Häder et al, 2007).…”

Section: Uvr Experiments Revealed Photodegradation Of Cell-free Enzymmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The discovery of the microbial loop made clear that heterotrophic microbes are one of the most important nutrient vectors in marine food webs (Azam et al, 1983;Azam and Cho, 1987). According to the size-reactivity model, microbes selectively prefer high-molecular-weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM) due to its superior nutritional value (Amon and Benner, 1996;Benner and Amon, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, studies have now shown that the second form, cell-free extracellular enzymes, can make up a substantial proportion of the total extracellular enzyme pool (Baltar et al, 2010(Baltar et al, , 2013(Baltar et al, , 2016Allison et al, 2012;Duhamel et al, 2010;Kamer and Rassoulzadegan, 1995;Li et al, 1998). This has been a major conceptual shift for research in marine enzymatic activity, generating new research questions about what controls cellfree enzymes in the marine environment and how they function (Arnosti, 2011;Arnosti et al, 2014;Baltar et al, 2010Baltar et al, , 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temperature and UV light affect the activity of marine cell-free enzymes

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Microbial extracellular enzymatic activity (EEA) is the rate-limiting step in the degradation of organic matter in the oceans. These extracellular enzymes exist in two forms: cell-bound, which are attached to the microbial cell wall, and cell-free, which are completely free of the cell. Contrary to previous understanding, cell-free extracellular enzymes make up a substantial proportion of the total marine EEA. Little is known about these abundant cell-free enzymes, including what factors control their activity once they are away from their sites (cells). Experiments were run to assess how cell-free enzymes (excluding microbes) respond to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and temperature manipulations, previously suggested as potential control factors for these enzymes. The experiments were done with New Zealand coastal waters and the enzymes studied were alkaline phosphatase (APase), β-glucosidase, (BGase), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase). Environmentally relevant UVR (i.e. in situ UVR levels measured at our site) reduced cell-free enzyme activities by up to 87 % when compared to controls, likely a consequence of photodegradation. This effect of UVR on cell-free enzymes differed depending on the UVR fraction. Ambient levels of UV radiation were shown to reduce the activity of cell-free enzymes for the first time. Elevated temperatures (15 • C) increased the activity of cell-free enzymes by up to 53 % when compared to controls (10 • C), likely by enhancing the catalytic activity of the enzymes. Our results suggest the importance of both UVR and temperature as control mechanisms for cell-free enzymes. Given the projected warming ocean environment and the variable UVR light regime, it is possible that there could be major changes in the cell-free EEA and in the enzymes contribution to organic matter remineralization in the future.

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“…Therefore, adapted organisms are required to endure such extreme conditions (Zhang and Kim, 2010;Trincone, 2013a). These particular features of marine organism are naturally anchored in enzymes with concomitantly unique and appealing characteristics, which have resulted in an increased interest in the prospection of marine resources for enzymes with applications in biotechnology (Trincone, 2011;Dionisi et al, 2012;Freitas et al, 2012;Arnosti et al, 2014). This trend, which encompasses the use of enzymes from marine sources within the food industry includes a vast array of applications, such as food processing, incorporation in formulations as food additives and production of given compounds (Trincone, 2011;Freitas et al, 2012;Nielsen and Nielsen, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marine enzymes and food industry: insight on existing and potential interactions

Fernandes

2014

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Evidence that support the marine environment as source of useful biocatalysts for application in several areas of industry pile up, both as scientific reports or patent applications. Marine microorganisms have to endure habitats characterized by extreme conditions of salinity, temperature or pressure. Their enzymes present concomitant features, viz. thermostability or halostability, which are appealing for practical applications. The food sector is a field where enzymes are used, given their specificity, compliance with strict regulations, relatively mild operational conditions required and environmental friendly nature. The specific features presented by marine enzymes can be advantageously used both for process improvement or to develop new processes and products. In the present review the role of relevant types of enzymes for the food sector is described and recent findings on those enzymes from marine are put into context. The information provided is illustrative that in spite of the relative novelty concerning the use of marine enzymes within the scope of the food sector, some processes have reached commercial status and promising results are being obtained with several others. Moreover, there is still a vast field of resources for enzyme activity to be explored, namely since the screening process that has been considerably improved with the contribution of metagenomic libraries. It can thus be considered that future and exciting developments can be expected concerning the use of marine enzymes in the food and feed areas.

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Extracellular enzymes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments: perspectives on system variability and common research needs

Cited by 146 publications

References 138 publications

Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity Measured on Seafloor Exposed Basalts from Loihi Seamount Indicate the Importance of Basalts to Global Biogeochemical Cycling

Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Microbial Diversity Measured on Seafloor Exposed Basalts from Loihi Seamount Indicate the Importance of Basalts to Global Biogeochemical Cycling

Temperature and UV light affect the activity of marine cell-free enzymes

Marine enzymes and food industry: insight on existing and potential interactions

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