Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Modifies the Changes Induced in Non-Nervous Organs and Tissues by Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Models

Abstract

This study reveals the existence of oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS)) in non-nervous organs and tissues in multiple sclerosis (MS) by means of a model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. This model reproduces a similar situation to MS, as well as its relationship with intestinal microbiota starting from the changes in bacterial lipopolysaccharide levels (LPS) in the outer wall of the gram-negative bacteria. Finally, the administration of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO), hydroxytirosol (HT), and oleic acid (OA) exert beneficial effects. Twenty-five Dark Agouti two-month-old male rats, weighing around 190 g, were distributed into the following groups: Control, EAE (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis group), EAE + EVOO, EAE + HT, and EAE + OA. The glutathione redox system with the EAE was measured in heart, kidney, liver, and small and large intestines. The LPS and the correlation with oxidative stress in the small and large intestines were also investigated. The results showed that (1) the oxidative damage in the EAE model affects non-nervous organs and tissues; (2) The LPS is related to inflammatory phenomena and oxidative stress in the intestinal tissue and in other organs; (3) The administration of EVOO, HT, and OA reduces the LPS levels at the same time as minimizing the oxidative damage; (4) EVOO, HT, and OA improve the disease’s clinical score; and (5) on balance, EVOO offers a better neuroprotective effect.

Oleacein Attenuates the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis through Both Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects

“…Several studies, either in vitro or in vivo, in experimental animal models and in human immune cells, have demonstrated the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory profile of the OLE, which supports its potential role in the prevention and treatment of various pathological conditions [ 20 , 21 ]. Our group and others have shown positive effects of other olive oil derivatives in an in vivo model of MS, but, to our knowledge, this is the first time in which OLE is studied in the context of MS [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Protective effects of melatonin on changes occurring in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of multiple sclerosis

“…The same dose was used in the control+melatonin and EAE+melatonin groups. The length of in vivo exposure was determined on the basis of previous studies by our group that showed the protective effect of other antioxidants (Conde et al, 2020(Conde et al, , 2019Tasset et al, 2011). During the experimental period, no alterations in animal behaviour, sleep or body temperature were observed either.…”

“…MS is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative disease which affects the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, it has recently been shown that the oxidative stress that occurs with the disease can be extended to other non-nervous organs (Conde et al, 2019) from the migration of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its transporter protein (LBP) in the blood (Escribano et al, 2017).…”

Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, cAMP Signalling and Apoptosis: A Crossroads in Lymphocytes of Multiple Sclerosis, a Possible Role of Nutraceutics

“…HT is one of the polyphenols of EVOO with the most powerful anti-inflammatory properties such as reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and chemokines, inhibition of PGE2 and NO production, and decreased gene expression of iNOS [ 166 ]. The beneficial effect of EVOO, and in particular of two of its components, HT and oleic acid, on the improvement of OS in the blood and CNS of EAE rats has been observed [ 167 ]. The study reported in the CNS and blood of EAE rats a reduction of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation [ 167 ].…”

“…The beneficial effect of EVOO, and in particular of two of its components, HT and oleic acid, on the improvement of OS in the blood and CNS of EAE rats has been observed [ 167 ]. The study reported in the CNS and blood of EAE rats a reduction of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation [ 167 ]. Interestingly, it is reported that high doses of hydroxytyrosol can induce apoptosis by increasing the expression of caspase 3 gene and the BAX/BCL2 ratio [ 168 ].…”