Extinction after retrieval: Effects on the associative and nonassociative components of remote contextual fear memory

Costanzi, Marco; Cannas, Sara; Saraulli, Daniele; Rossi-Arnaud, Clelia; Cestari, Vincenzo

doi:10.1101/lm.2175811

Cited by 99 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…These findings are consistent with those indicating that extinction shortly after fear learning or fear cue exposure impairs extinction and exacerbates spontaneous recovery, renewal, and reinstatement (Morris et al 2005;Chan et al 2010;Costanzi et al 2011;Ishii et al 2012). Other studies have found opposing results-that extinction soon after acquisition (Myers et al 2006) or retrieval (Monfils et al 2009) promotes the retention of extinction (see Flavell et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal-amygdalar circuits

et al. 2013

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An issue of increasing theoretical and translational importance is to understand the conditions under which learned fear can be suppressed, or even eliminated. Basic research has pointed to extinction, in which an organism is exposed to a fearful stimulus (such as a context) in the absence of an expected aversive outcome (such as a shock). This extinction process results in the suppression of fear responses, but is generally thought to leave the original fearful memory intact. Here, we investigate the effects of extinction during periods of memory lability on behavioral responses and on expression of the immediate -early gene c-Fos within fear conditioning and extinction circuits. Our results show that long-term extinction is impaired when it occurs during time periods during which the memory should be most vulnerable to disruption (soon after conditioning or retrieval). These behavioral effects are correlated with hyperactivation of medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala subregions associated with fear expression rather than fear extinction. These findings demonstrate that behavioral experiences during periods of heightened fear prevent extinction and prolong the conditioned fear response.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal-amygdalar circuits

et al. 2013

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“…When further extinction trials began 10 min later, the resulting extinction was much more durable and profound than when the extinction began 6 h later. Thus, although some studies report difficulties in reproducing Monfils's results (Chan et al 2010;Costanzi et al 2011), these findings by Monfils and Schiller suggest promising possibilities for therapeutic treatments for fear and anxiety. The research indicates that memory reactivation is necessary, but because of floor effects due to extinction itself, the work is not able to provide information about the length of time required for the integration of the extinction information within the memory trace.…”

Section: Reactivation Allows the Integration Of New Informationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Memory reactivation effects independent of reconsolidation

Gisquet-Verrier¹,

Riccio²

2012

Learn. Mem.

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Memory reactivation is an important process resulting from reexposure to salient training-related information whereby a memory is brought from an inactive to an active state. Reactivation is the first stage of memory retrieval but can result from the exposure to salient cues without any behavioral output. Such cue-induced reactivation, although frequently used by neuroscientists to study reconsolidation, has seldom been considered as a process in its own right and studied as such. This review presents arguments indicating that memory reactivation has two main consequences: (1) to enhance the accessibility of the target memory and (2) to make the memory malleable. Accordingly, reactivation creates a transient state during which the content of the memory is easily accessible and can be modified and/or updated. As both of these aspects can be observed shortly after memory reactivation, this review emphasizes that reconsolidation is not necessarily required for these processes and calls attention to reactivation as a factor in the dynamics of the memory.Memory retrieval is a complex (multistage) process through which previously acquired information can be used, leading to a behavioral output. Memory reactivation is the first component of retrieval corresponding to the process through which a memory is triggered from a latent state to a state in which it can be retrieved. Reactivation is generated by cues that are either external or self-generated and occurs in two general conditions. First, reactivation is required for retrieval and for every operation that enlarges or modifies previous knowledge. This includes retraining, when coherent supplementary information is provided, extinction when the previously learned response is no longer reinforced, and more generally, all rule-shiftings, i.e., when the contingency governing the response is changed. As a result, reactivation is largely embedded with retrieval and this probably explains why these two terms are often used interchangeably in the literature.

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“…Based on previous similar studies in fear conditioning procedures (eg, Liu et al, 2014;Monfils et al, 2009), it has been postulated that extinction training performed within the 'reconsolidation window' leads to incorporation of the new information (cue-nothing association) into the original cuereinforcement memory trace (eg, cue-drug) (Millan et al, 2013;Monfils et al, 2009;Sartor and Aston-Jones, 2014;Xue et al, 2012), rather than creating a competing memory as in regular extinction (Bouton, 2002;Milton and Everitt, 2012). However, several studies on fear memories showed that postretrieval extinction did not always prevent reinstatement of fear behavior (Chan et al, 2010;Costanzi et al, 2011;Ishii et al, 2015;Soeter and Kindt, 2011), and studies on drug relapse showed attenuation, but not always prevention of relapse to drug seeking (Luo et al, 2015;Xue et al, 2012). Comparative studies have indicated that counterconditioning may have a stronger suppressive effect on relapse of memories, compared with extinction (Tunstall et al, 2012;Van Gucht et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterconditioning During Reconsolidation Prevents Relapse of Cocaine Memories

Goltseker¹,

Bolotin²,

Barak

2016

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Relapse to drug abuse is often caused by exposure to drug-associated cues that evoke craving. Therefore, disruption of the cue-drug memory can prevent relapse. Memories destabilize and become temporarily labile upon their retrieval, and re-stabilize in a process termed reconsolidation. Pharmacological disruption of reconsolidation prevents relapse in animal models, yet may evoke side effects. Therefore, behavioral procedures capable of preventing cue-induced craving and relapse are extremely valuable. Aversion therapies, in which drugpaired cues are re-associated (counterconditioned) with aversive consequences, have limited success, because the previous cue-drug memory may recover, triggering relapse. Here, we prevented the memory recovery and relapse to cocaine seeking by applying aversive counterconditioning during memory reconsolidation. Mice were trained to seek cocaine in a conditioned place preference procedure. The cocaine-associated compartment was then counterconditioned with lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced malaise, preceded by a brief exposure to the compartment (memory retrieval). Relapse was assessed in a reinstatement test. We found that aversive counterconditioning conducted shortly after memory retrieval (during reconsolidation) induced a long-lasting prevention of relapse to cocaine seeking. However, mice relapsed when counterconditioned without, before, or long after memory retrieval, or when receiving LiCl without place counterconditioning. Our findings suggest that post-retrieval aversive counterconditioning leads to relapse prevention, possibly by replacing the cue-drug with a cue-aversion memory, thereby the cue ceases to evoke craving. Moreover, we found that a similar memory replacement procedure prevented relapse of conditioned place aversion. Hence, this novel procedure can also prevent relapse of aversive memories, providing a safe approach to alter various maladaptive behaviors.

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Extinction after retrieval: Effects on the associative and nonassociative components of remote contextual fear memory

Cited by 99 publications

References 78 publications

Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal-amygdalar circuits

Exposure to a fearful context during periods of memory plasticity impairs extinction via hyperactivation of frontal-amygdalar circuits

Memory reactivation effects independent of reconsolidation

Counterconditioning During Reconsolidation Prevents Relapse of Cocaine Memories

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