External macro- and micromorphology of the male of the stick insect Hermarchus leytensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) with phylogenetic considerations

Gottardo, Marco; Vallotto, Davide

doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2014.02.005

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Carausius morosus possesses comparatively long nubs (Busshardt et al, 2012), while other stick insects from different lineages bear shorter nubs (Beutel and Gorb, 2008;Gottardo and Heller, 2012;Büscher and Gorb, 2017). Some taxa possess entirely smooth euplantulae without any micromorphological ornamentation (Busshardt et al, 2012;Gottardo and Vallotto, 2014;Gottardo et al, 2015;Vallotto et al, 2016;Büscher and Gorb, 2017), and Dallaiphasma eximius revealed a hexagonal or plateau pattern (Gottardo, 2011). Although the structural diversity of phasmatodean AMs is known (Büscher et al, 2018) and the phylogenetic clustering of similar AMs is supposed to partly reflect the evolution of Phasmatodea (Gottardo et al, 2015;Büscher and Gorb, 2017), there is no recent study approaching the phylogenetic relationships of the different AMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)

et al. 2018

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Insects have developed specialized structures on their feet for adhering to surfaces, with stick and leaf insects or Phasmatodea exhibiting an unexpectedly high diversity of these structures. In Phasmatodea, attachment on different substrates is achieved by two types of pads on the legs: the euplantulae on the tarsomeres and the arolium on the pretarsus. The euplantulae are adhesive structures capable of adaptability to the substrate profile and generation of the required attachment strength. The diversity of euplantular microstructures of 56 species that represent all major lineages recognized within Phasmatodea and the whole biogeographical distribution of the group are examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nine different types of attachment structures can be distinguished whereby one, the nubby type, can be further divided into three different distinct types based on the specific ratio of each conical outgrowth. We mapped the morphological data from the SEM onto a phylogenetic tree we reconstructed based on molecular data. Previously, the evolution of different adhesive microstructures (AMs) on these pads has been suggested to reflect phylogenetic groups. However, different types of AMs are found within monophyletic groups, and our ancestral character state reconstruction suggests smooth euplantulae in the ground pattern of Euphasmatodea and multiple independent origins of other forms. The type of AM appears to be strongly associated with ecomorphs, e.g., smooth euplantular surfaces are more frequently found in tree-dwellers than in ground-dwellers, whilst the attachment pads of ground-dwelling species primarily bear conical cuticular outgrowths (nubby euplantulae).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)

et al. 2018

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“…Additionally, D. napolovi shows a specialized surface microstructure in the apical region of the vomer. Distinct surface modifications have been reported also at the apex of the vomer of Hermarchus leytensis (Gottardo & Vallotto 2014) and are likely related to the clasping function of this organ. Significant differences in vomer morphology are well documented also in other euphasmatodean lineages, e.g.…”

Section: Terminalia Of a Stick Insectmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The thorn pads of D. napolovi , consisting of a single row of only few teeth, are similar to those reported in the aschiphasmatine Dallaiphasma eximius (Gottardo ). Usually thorn pads bear numerous teeth or spines scattered or well‐arranged in rows (Gottardo & Heller ; Gottardo & Vallotto ). Compared to other euphasmatodeans, Aschiphasmatinae show a very simple thorn pad structure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphology of the terminalia of the stick insect Dajaca napolovi from Vietnam (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

Vallotto

Bresseel

Constant

et al. 2016

Entomological Science

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Aschiphasmatinae is a small group of stick insects from the Oriental region whose genital morphology has been rarely described in detail. The subfamily is of particular interest, as phylogenetic studies have shown Aschiphasmatinae to be the sister group to the remaining Euphasmatodea. In this paper, the male and female terminalia are described for the first time in Dajaca napolovi Brock, a little known aschiphasmatine species from Vietnam. In the male, the transversally undivided abdominal sternum IX and gently incurved cerci with a conspicuous apical tooth represent apomorphies of Aschiphasmatinae. Thorn pads on the hind margin of abdominal tergum X consist of only a single row of 6–7 ventrally oriented teeth. The simple thorn pad structure of Aschiphasmatinae can represent an ancestral condition for Euphasmatodea. The vomer on venter X is well‐developed and features two unusually large basal apodemes and a strongly developed apical spine showing a specialized streaked surface micropattern. Female terminalia are characterized by an unkeeled abdominal sternum VIII covering the reduced primary ovipositor. Gonapophysis VIII does not extend beyond the tip of gonapophysis IX. An asymmetry concerning the size of the paired gonapophyses is reported for the first time in Phasmatodea.

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“…n. is the absence of an euplantula on tarsomere V. In Timema , a small euplantula is present on the distal tarsomere (Beutel and Gorb 2008). Within Euphasmatodea the condition appears variable: the euplantula is present and generally small compared to the size of tarsomere V in Eurycantha calcarata and Conlephasma enigma (Gottardo and Heller 2012, Gottardo et al 2015), while it is absent in several taxa including Carausius morosus , Medauroidea extradentata , Ophicrania conlei , and Hermarchus leytensis (Gottardo 2011a, Bußhardt et al 2012, Gottardo and Vallotto 2014). The two species of Aschiphasmatidae have also smooth euplantulae on tarsomeres I-IV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A black-and-red stick insect from the Philippines – observations on the external anatomy and natural history of a new species of Orthomeria

Vallotto¹,

Bresseel²,

Heitzmann³

et al. 2016

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A new stick insect of the genus Orthomeria Kirby, 1904 (Phasmatodea, Aschiphasmatidae) is described from the Philippines. Orthomeria (Orthomeria) kangi sp. n. is readily distinguished from all other congeners by the distinctive blood red colouration of the costal region of the hind wings. Major features of the external morphology of adults, eggs, and first-instar nymphs are illustrated. Locomotory attachment pads are of the smooth type with irregular microgrooves on the contact surface. An unusual condition of male terminalia is the absence of tergal thorn pads on segment 10. The male clasping organs are represented by an elongated vomer terminating in a prominent spine, and by incurved cerci featuring a bilobed apex equipped with a sharp blade-like ridge. Intraspecific variation in body colouration and hind wing length occurs in females. The new species lives at 400-650 m elevation in the surroundings of the Sablang and Tuba regions, in the Benguet Province of Luzon island. Host plants include Ficus spp. (Moraceae), and Pipturus spp. and Leucosyke spp. (Urticaceae). Observations on the mating and defensive behaviour are presented. Orthomeria (Orthomeria) catadromus (Westwood, 1859) is recognised as a junior synonym of Orthomeria (Orthomeria) pandora (Westwood, 1859), syn. n. A lectotype is designated for both species. Finally, an updated identification key to the species of the subgenus Orthomeria is provided.

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External macro- and micromorphology of the male of the stick insect Hermarchus leytensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) with phylogenetic considerations

Cited by 15 publications

References 43 publications

The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)

The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)

Morphology of the terminalia of the stick insect Dajaca napolovi from Vietnam (Insecta: Phasmatodea)

A black-and-red stick insect from the Philippines – observations on the external anatomy and natural history of a new species of Orthomeria

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